Immigration & Citizenship regimes
7 important questions on Immigration & Citizenship regimes
Nationality acquisition (Bram ?)
- Participating in democratic process
- Social rights often tied to nationality
- Access to public sector employment
- (Nationality as a tool for integration)
Citizenship: "Membership in a national political community"
- Right to: vote, run for office, participate in public activities etc.
- Obligation to: pay taxes, serve in the military, obey the law.
4 Migration policy areas
- Border controls
- fence vs any borders with documents.
- Legal entry and stay policies
- how to aquire citizenship.
- Integration policies
- what do states do to facilitate incorporation or adjustment.
- Exit policies
- what is being arranged for states if you are not allowed to stay?
Conclusion: selection rather then volumes
More and more, migration policies aim at affecting the selection — rather than the volumes (filter: growing emphasis on skills)— of migration.
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Changing citizenship rights variation
- Liberal convergence theorie
- National polictical processes
Citizenship policies - Howard (2006)
- Ius soli: children of non-citizens can acquire citizenship?
- Minimum length of residency requirement for naturalization
- Can naturalized immigrants hold dual citizenship?
2 mechanisms explain the differences in nationality acquisition across countries and time:
Colonial history
Countries with former colonies have more developed relationships with the outside world and thus more inclusive citizenship regimes (however, are equally xenophobic).
Democratic history
Early democracies are much more likely to develop more inclusive conception of national identity, based on civic rather than ethnic terms.
Pros/Cons approach
• Cross-national Comparison
• Over-time comparison
Cons
• Large processes captured in one variable
• Difficult to assess mechanisms
Migration Integration Policy Index (MIPEX)
Covers
- 38 countries (EU-28, North America, Australia, New Zeland, Japan, South Korea),
- 8 policy areas: access to nationality, anti-discrimination, family reunion, labor market access, education, political participation, long-term residence, health, anti-discrimination
- 167 indicators
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