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C2: Pubertal Development

22 important questions on C2: Pubertal Development

What are five areas of change in pubertal development?

1. Nervous and endocrine systems.
2. Skeletal growth.
3. Body composition and distribution of fat and muscle.
4. Maturation of reproductive organs, secondary sex characteristics.
5. Circulatory and respiratory systems.

What are two major feedback systems associated with puberty?

The HPG axis and the HPA axis.

The earliest hormonal changes of adolescence occur through the HPA-axis. What happens?

The hypothalamus releases CH. --> Stimulates release of ACTH from the pituitary. --> The adrenal glands releases androgens. --> Changes in muscle tissue, pubic and ancillary hair, skin changes and acne.
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What happens through the HPG-axis in puberty?

Hypothalamus releases GnRH --> Stimulates pituitary to release LH & FSH --> Gonads.

* Males: --> testes release testosterone --> production sperm cells, change in muscle tissue, broadening of shoulders, enlargement of genitalia, pubic, facial and ancillary hair, skin changes and acne, voice breaks.

* Females: --> ovaries release estrogen --> production egg cells, changes in breast development, broadening of hips, enlargement of uterus and ovaries, menstruation.

What is a main function of estrogen in pubertal development?

Causes accumulation of fat under skin.

What are two genetic factors influencing puberty?

1. Evolution.
2. Family tendencies.

What are three context factors that influence puberty?

1. Diet and exercise
2. Father absence before puberty (coupled with stressful homes).
3. The secular trend.

What are three methods for measuring pubertal development?

1. Tanner staging (by physicians/nurses).
2. Self report
3. Global visual inspection by researcher of clothed adolescent.

What five areas taps the Pubertal Development Questionnaire?

1. Height
2. Skin changes
3. Body hair.
F4. Breast development.
F5. Menstruation.
M4. Deepening of voice.
M5. Hair on face.

What is an methodological issue in studying puberty?

In most adolescent studies age, level of pubertal development, and social experience are correlated and difficult to disentangle.

What is the stressful change hypothesis?

Any change is stressful. Most pubertal change phase is the phase with the most problems.

What is the off-time hypothesis?

1. Early and late maturing boys and girls are at risk.
2. Early maturing girls and late maturing boys are at risk.

What is the maturation disparity hypothesis/early timing hypothesis?

Early maturing (especially girls) may be getting expectations from peers/teachers that are unfit psychologically. They have had not enough time to develop the coping mechanisms needed.

What is the hormonal influence hypothesis?

The timing of hormonal rise needs not to be important; predicts that an increase in hormones at puberty leads to increased psychopathology. Gonadal hormones have consequences for neural circuitry / stress responsivity / physical changes --> social reactions. Those have behavioral consequences.

What is the amplification hypothesis?

Experiencing early pubertal transition in a disadvantaged context increases the risk for psychopathology. Proposes an interaction between individual or social processes and pubertal transition that increase the risk of adjustment problems.

What is the maturation compression hypothesis?

Boys who mature more quickly than their peers reported more depressive symptoms than their peers with a slower rate of development. No link for girls.

With what is behavioral and emotional changes is pubertal status linked?

With arousal, motivation and emotion.

What are two factors contributing to an increased vulnerability to sleep problems and sleep deprivation in puberty?

1. Physical shifts.
2. Social shifts.

What is the 'starting the engines without a skilled driver' hypothesis?

Generally for all adolescents puberty ignites passions for adolescents before the development of neurobehavioral systems necessary for self-control and affect regulation.

What does the 'starting the engines without a skilled driver hypothesis' predicts?

An increased risk for disorders of self-control and difficulties navigating complex social-emotional situations.

What are two important processes in brain maturation in adolescence?

1. Synaptic pruning
2. Myelination

What is the conclusion of the study of Luna et al. of voluntary response inhibition/suppression?

Synaptic pruning and myelination may underlie the transition to adult level cognitive control of behavior.

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Adolescent Development

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