Read the summary and the most important questions on Advanced Tools in quality management

• Basic statistics

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• What do terms populations and sample mean?

  Population>(Random sampling)> Sample 
  

  • Why? To time consuming to stud whole population  

• What are units and variables?

  • Units: The elements of a sample from which we collect information. 
  • Example: Bottle
  • Variable: measured property of an element of the sample
  • Example: concertation of alcohol  
  • In general: the things we measure, like height, weight

• How can you discriminate the types of variables?

  • Quantitative variable( continuous/discrete)
  •  Height, percentage of alcohol( continuous)
  • Number of children's in household(Discrete) 
  • Qualitative variable (nominal/ordinal)
  • Hair colour, bachelor program (nominal)
  • Grade of eggs (AA/A/B), highest level of education (ordinal) 

• What are the different  probability distributions?

  • One continuous distribution:
    
  • normal
  • Two discrete probability distributions:
  • Binomial (n, p)
  • Poisson

• What are general assumptions of Binomial situation?

  • N trials
  • The trials are independent 
  • Each trial result in ether success of failure 
  • The probability of succes, p remains the same each trial 

• When Poisson distribution?

  Calculate probability that a random batch has exact one complaint.

• General sampling principles

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• What are major quality control activities?

  1. Measuring
     
  2. Testing 
  3. Regulating 
  4. Taking corrective actions 

• Why sampling in quality control?

  • Variation in characteristic in food
    
  • consist of biological material
  • production involve human processes
  • Sources of variation 
  • Common cause - Variation from natural sources or sources embedded in the system itself
  • incidental causes - variaton arising from external sources: operator errors etc. 
  • Check if quality and safety parameters are within defined tolerances 

• What is a sample ?

  Is a subset from a large population or process.
  

  • Is representative of the population
  • Mirrors the characteristics of the population 

• Why sampling incoming materials?

  • Monitoring the quality of incoming materials
    
  • Examining the number of defective products in batch of goods
  • Crucial is control of process