Large-scale chromosomal changes
50 important questions on Large-scale chromosomal changes
A chromosome having no centromere.
In a reciprocal translocation, the passage of a translocated and a normal chromosome to each of the poles.
An allopolyploid; a polyploid formed from the union of two separate chromosome sets and their subsequent doubling.
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In a reciprocal translocation, the passage of both normal chromosomes to one pole and both translocated chromosomes to the other pole.
A genome having a chromosome number that differs from the normal chromosome number for the species by a small number of chromosomes.
Polyploid formed from the doubling of a single genome.
A change in the chromosomal gene order that does not remove or duplicate any DNA. The two classes of balanced rearrangements are inversions and reciprocal translocations.
A chromosome with multiple inversions, used to retain favorable allele combinations in the uninverted homolog.
Two homologous chromosomes paired at meiosis.
Any type of change in chromosome structure or number.
The removal of a chromosomal segment from a chromosome set.
The loop formed at meiosis by the pairing of a normal chromosome and a deletion-containing chromosome.
The use of a set of known deletions to map new recessive mutations by pseudodominance.
In a dicentric chromosome, the segment between centromeres being drawn to opposite poles at nuclear division.
An abnormal haploid carrying two copies of one chromosome.
The process in organisms using a chromosomal sex-determination mechanism (such as XX versus XY) that allows standard structural genes on the sex chromosome to be expressed at the same levels in females and males, regardless of the number of sex chromosomes. In mammals, dosage compensation operates by maintaining only a single active X chromosome in each cell; in Drosophila, it operates by hyperactivating the male X chromosome.
An abnormal human phenotype, including mental retardation, due to a trisomy of chromosome 21; more common in babies born to older mothers.
A small dividing mass of monoploid cells, produced from a cell destined to become a pollen cell by exposing it to cold.
A cell having any number of complete chromosome sets or an individual organism composed of such cells.
The idea that a normal phenotype requires a 1:1 relative proportion of genes in the genome.
(1) Proportionality of the expression of some biological function to the number of copies of an allele present in the cell. (2) A change in phenotype caused by an abnormal number of wild-type alleles (observed in chromosomal mutations).
The total set of deleterious alleles in an individual genotype.
Partly homologous chromosomes, usually indicating some original ancestral homology.
A duplication in which the extra copy is not adjacent to the normal one.
A deletion within a gene.
A chromosomal mutation consisting of the removal of a chromosome segment, its rotation through 180°, and its reinsertion in the same location.
A diploid with a normal and an inverted homolog.
A loop formed by meiotic pairing of homologs in an inversion heterozygote.
An abnormal human male phenotype due to an extra X chromosome (XXY).
A cell having only one chromosome set (usually as an aberration) or an organism composed of such cells.
A cell or individual organism that is basically diploid but has only one copy of one particular chromosome type and thus has chromosome number 2n + 1.
A deletion of several adjacent genes.
Crossing over between short homologous units found at different chromosomal loci.
The failure of homologs (at meiosis) or sister chromatids (at mitosis) to separate properly to opposite poles.
An individual organism with five sets of chromosomes.
A giant chromosome in specific tissues of some insects, produced by an endomitotic process in which the multiple DNA sets remain bound in a haploid number of chromosomes.
Variegation caused by the inactivation of a gene in some cells through its abnormal juxtaposition with heterochromatin.
The sudden appearance of a recessive phenotype in a pedigree, due to the deletion of a masking dominant gene.
The appearance of linkage of two genes on translocated chromosomes.
The production of abnormal chromosomes by the breakage and incorrect rejoining of chromosomal segments; examples are inversions, deletions, and translocations.
Presence of two or more large nontandem repeats.
The phenotype of an organism heterozygotic for certain types of chromosome aberration; expressed as a reduced number of viable gametes and hence reduced fertility
Adjacent identical chromosome segments.
The relocation of a chromosomal segment to a different position in the genome.
Basically a diploid with an extra chromosome of one type, producing a chromosome number of the form 2n + 1.
Refers to the meiotic pairing arrangement of three homologs in a triploid or trisomic.
An abnormal human female phenotype produced by the presence of only one X chromosome (XO).
A rearrangement in which chromosomal material is gained or lost in one chromosome set
A single unpaired meiotic chromosome, as is often found in trisomics and triploids
Can gene mutations be detected microsopically? And cromosome mutations?
Yes, many chromosome mutations can be detected by microscopy, by genetic or molecular analysis, or by a combination of all techniques.
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