Read the summary and the most important questions on ANU IMPORTANT THINGS

• 1 Chapter 1 + 2

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• Essential amino acids

  The animal can't synthesize it by itself

• What are the essential AA's

  Simple monogastricts and non-ruminant herbivores: Lysine + Methionine
  True carnivores: Taurine
  Birds/fast growing animals/cats/dogs : Arganine

• Shortcomings proximate analysis

  - The drying part is nog very specific because other components like ammonia and volatide fatty acids will disappear as well
  - During incineration some minerals will be lost due to converting into volatile forms
  - The Kjeldahl method is not specific

• Method of mineral analysis

  - Spectroscopy that measures the radation of different minerals when heated
  - Cations are the most important minerals

• 2 Chapter 3

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• Non-structural carbohydrates digestion

  - In the duodenum pancreatic enzymes are added to the feed and hydrolyse the carbohydrate
  - This is also done by the enzymes in the brush border

• Structural carbohydrates digestion

  - Cannot by hydrolysed by enzymes produced by mammals
  - animals are dependent on microbial fermentation
  - These microbes produce enzymes that can hydrolyse these carbohydrates

• Feedstuffs of animal origin

  - Mostly higher in fat + protein concentration in DM than plant materials

• Why is ensiling applied to roughages?

  - To prolong the storage time mainly for grasses and maize 
  - This is accomplished through lowering the PH of the feedstuff by lactic acid bacteria 
  - This prevents bacteria and other microbial growth
  - For maize is it often difficult to harvest maize as a grain crop, therefore the plant is harvested as whole when the grains are not fully mature and then ensiled -> high qualility forage

• Pulses or legume seeds

  - pea, common bean, soybean and peanut
  - Rich in starch, lower compared to cereals
  - Realtively high in protein, but deficient in AA's like methionine
  - Rich in lysine
  - Oil content is negligible except for soybeans and peanuts
  - Fair source of P, but low in Ca
  - Most of them containded NAFs

• Carbohydrate rich co-products

  - high in energy
  - important group:
  

  • milling co-products
  • co-products starch industry
  • Co-products alcohol fermentation/fermentation industry