Read the summary and the most important questions on Applied animal ecology

• 1 Lecture 1

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• How to increase or decerase population size?

  - What causes the increase or decrease?
  - Tackle the main factor  

• Conceptual model population

  - population with individuals with own story
  - population: birth + death - individual: gain + loss 
  - population level -> assumption = no immigration or emigration 
  - no net rate: could be that birth and death are both low, or both very high and everything in between
  - Increase can be achieved in different situations
  - What is the key factor that allows for increase/decrease of the population?

• Concenptual model individual

  - talk about gain and loss (instead of birth and death)
  - Mouth to anus: What do you eat and what do you lose?  
  - Anabolic (growth) or catabolic (lose)
  - Animal as reservoir:
  

  •   if not replenish: no more intake? > What would happen to the animal? > How long would it survive?
  • If one element is covered > next component is the problem

• 2 Lecture 2+3

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• Dispersion (a pattern)

  - Random
  - Clumped (matter of chance where you find the groups)
  - Regular
  - Regular clumped (territorial)

• Geometric growth model

  - Nt+1 + Nt + R*Nt
  = R=Geometric rate of increase
  
  -> Nt+1 =  λ*Nt
  =  λ= finite rate of increase   
  -> Nt = N0 λ  t

• Exponential growth model

  - Nt= No*e^rt
  ->  λ=e^r -> r-ln( λ)
  - Nt = population size at time
  - No= start populations size
  - E^r = exponential rate of increase
  - t= time 
  
  
  - more continuous
  - birth and death rate are constant
  -  When individuals are born they are also gonna reproduce themselves.

• What is the ecological meaning of r

  - The growth rate is the combination of the fecundity rate and the mortality rate
  - r=difference birth - death = growth rate

• Carrying capacity K

  - When birth (b) = death (d)
  - When the lines cross each other
  - What happens when you reach K? 
  

  • interference competition (directly conflicting with each other)
  • change sex ratio's (more females are born -> animals are weak -> it's better to produce a weak female offspring than a weak male offspring)   
  • More diseases
  • More stress 

• Growth rate stable environments

  - The concept of carrying capacity has many assumptions
  - not constrained is the least likely to happen

• Change of population size

  - dN/dt = r (1-(n/K)*N
  - The bigger the growth rate, the more uncontrollable and chaotic the fluctuation is