PR: Exploring the full spectrum of macrophage activation
10 important questions on PR: Exploring the full spectrum of macrophage activation
What is the Extracellular matrix?
Extracellular matrix, Secreted products of many cell types that form an organized scaffold for
cell support.
What is a Classically activated macrophage?
Classically activated macrophage, A macrophage that is activated through Toll-like receptors
and interferon-γ. These cells exhibit enhanced killing of intracellular microorganisms,
increased secretion of cytokines and mediators, and higher expression of co-stimulatory
molecules.
What is a Alternatively activated macrophage?
Alternatively activated macrophage, A macrophage that is activated by interleukin-4 (IL-4) or
IL-13 and expresses arginase-1, mannose receptor (CD206) and IL-4 receptor-α. Pathogenassociated
molecular patterns that are expressed by helminths may also drive the alternative
activation of macrophages.
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What are Superoxide anions?
Superoxide anions, Anions that are produced by NADPH oxidase in phagocytes and can
dismutate to hydrogen peroxide, which can be converted into ferryl or hydroxyl radicals by
the fenton reaction.
What re immune complexes?
Immune complexes, Antigen–antibody complexes that bind to and crosslink Fcγ receptors.
What is the G-protein-coupled receptor?
G-protein-coupled receptor, A receptor that is composed of seven membrane-spanning helical
segments, which are connected by extracellular and intracellular loops. These receptors
associate with G proteins, which are a family of trimeric intracellular-signalling proteins that
have specific β-and γ-chains, and one of several α-chains.
What is a Tumour-associated macrophage?
Tumour-associated macrophage, A cell that differentiates from circulating blood monocytes
that have infiltrated tumours. Tumour-associated macrophages constitute an important
component of the tumour microenvironment and can have positive or negative effects on
tumorigenesis (that is, tumour promotion or immunosurveillance, respectively).
What is Antibody-dependent enhancement?
Antibody-dependent enhancement, A phenomenon that was originally described in Dengue
virus infection in which the presence of antibody enhances viral infection and increases disease
severity.
What is insulin resistance?
Insulin resistance, Failure of cells to appropriately respond to insulin-mediated induction of
glucose uptake, resulting in increased blood sugar levels and possibly type 2 diabetes.
What is Metabolic syndrome?
Metabolic syndrome, A combination of disorders, including hypertension, obesity, high blood
glucose levels and dyslipidaemia, that can result in cardiovascular disease.
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