Animal excretory systems
28 important questions on Animal excretory systems
Why do osmoregulators must expend energy to maintain osmotic gradients?
- how different the animal's osmolarity is from its surroundings.
- how easily water and solutes move across the animal's surface.
-the work required to pump solutes across the membrane.
What are transport epithelia?
What kind of waste do animals have?
some animals convert toxic ammonia to less toxic compounds prior to excretion.
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Which different kind of animal exctete nitrogenous waste do we have?
- urea: (produced by the liver)terrestrial mammals and many marine species excrete urea. (excreted by the kidneys)
-uric acid: excreted by insects, land snails, reptiles, birds. (does not dissolve readily in water) uric acid is more energetically expensive to produce than urea.
How excretory systems produce urine?
What are the key functions of most excretory systems?
reabsorption: reclaiming valuable solutes
secretion: Adding nonessential solutes and wastes to the filtrate
excretion: processed filtrate containing nitrogenous wastes is released from the body.
Which excretory organs have vertebrates?
What is the structure of the kidneys?
renal cortex, renal medula, renal pelvis
and renal artery (form aorta), renal vein ( from posterior vena cava).
and ureter
What kind of nephron types has a kidney?
What is the function of the bowman's capsule?
What is the function of descending limb of the loop of Henle?
movement is driven by the high osmolarity of the interstitial fluid, which is hyperosmotic to the filtrate.
the filtrate becomes increasingly concentrated.
What is the function of the ascending Limb of the loop of Henle?
What is the function of distal tubule?
the controlled movement of ions (H+ and HCO3-) contributes to pH regulation.
What solutes are filtrated?
Why can only hyperosmotic urine be produced?
Which two primary solutes affect osmolarity?
How is urine concentrated in the mammalian kidneys ( proximal tuble, descending- and ascending limb of loop van Henle, collecting duct, urine)?
descending limb of loop van henle: filtrate solutes become more concentrated due to water leaving the tubule by osmosis.
ascending limb of loop van henle: NaCl diffuses maintains a high osmolarity in the interstitial fluid of the renal medula.
collecting duct: osmosis extracts water from the filtrate as it passes from cortex to medulla and encounters interstitial fluid of increasing osmolarity.
urine producedis isoosmotic to the interstitial fluid of the inner medulla, but hyperosmotic to blood and interstitial fluids elsewhere in the body.
Where is energy expended to actively transport of NaCl form the filtrate?
What is countercurrent miltiplier system?
(maintains a high salt concentration in the kidney).
How does the kidney adapt to diverse envitonments?
How much blood is filtrate every day in the kidneys?
How much urine is produced every day?
What manages the osmoregulatory functions of the mammalian kidney?
What is the function of the osmoregulatory controls?
What does the antidiuretic hormone (ADH) of vasopressin?
What happens with ADH if you drink alcohol?
mutation of ADH production causes severe dehydration and results in diabetes insipidus.
What is renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)?
How works the RAAS system?
senors in JGA detect decrease and releases renin
(liver produces angiotensinogen) and angiotensin I is formed
than with ACE is angiotensin II formed.
angiotensin II stimulates the release of the hormone aldosterone ( in adrenal gland) wich increases blood volume and pressure. (Na+ and H2O are reabsorbed).
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