Read the summary and the most important questions on Brock Biology of Microorganisms Global edition | 9781292018317

• 1 Introduction and Major Themes of Microbiology

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• What are Koch's four postulates (with limitations)?

  - Suspected pathogen must be present in diseased animal and not in healthy. (several human diseases do not cause disease in other animals)
  - suspected pathogen must be grown in a pure culture. (some bacteria do not grow in a pure culture on a plate) (virusses can not grow on plates)
  - cells from suspected pathogens cause disease in healthy animals.
  - suspected pathogens must be reisolated and shown to be the same as the original pathogen.

• Wat voor toxine is het cholera toxine? A) Endotoxine en AB-toxine B) Enterotoxine en AB-toxineC) Endotoxine en cytotoxine D) Enterotoxine en cytotoxine  

  B) Enterotoxine en AB-toxine

• 2 Microbial cell structure and functiom

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• What is the function of a peptidoglycan?

  its a polymer that gives strength to the cell walls. It consists of a glycan and a peptide part.

• What is different about archaeal cell walls?

  Pseudomurein instead of peptidoglycan. No outer membrane. S-layer

• 3 types of cell locomotion?

  - flagellum
  - gliding motility (glide protein)
  - taxis (in response to chem/physical gradient)

• What are the differences between fimbriae and pili?

  Pili are longer than fimbriae. Pili dont only assist in the attachment of organisms to the surface of a cell but also conjugation (NA transfer).

• What are 3 characteristics of endospores? And the 3 stages.

  - resistent to heat, harsh chemicals and radiation
  - ideal for dispersal via wind/water etc.
  - present in some gram-positive bacteria.
  
  - terminal, subterminal and central

• How is the speed and motion of a flagella determined? (inbacteria)

  The speed by the proton motive force (mot protein next to MS and C rings)
  The motion is either peritrichous (slow and one direction) or polar (fast and can spin around)

• 3 Microbial Metabolism

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• What is a macronutrient and what is a micronutrient? (and example)

  A macronutrient is required in large amounts, e.g. potassium
  A micronutrient is required in trace amounts, e.g. metal ions (Fe)

• 3 major prokaryotic transport mechanisms?

  - simple transport: proton motive force
  - group translocation: chem. modification of transported substance driven by phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)
  - ABC transporter: Energy from ATP. Periplasmic binding proteins.