Declarative Process Models
14 important questions on Declarative Process Models
How do you model in Declare?
Declare captures the notion of rules, in what ways can the rules be statisfied?
- Temporarily violated: the constraint is not fulfilled, but can still become fulfilled in the future
- Permanently violated: the constraint is violated and cannot become fulfilled anymore
What are finite state machines and which do exist? Draw.
There are different ones
- Initial state: the first state
- Non-accepting state: state in which it can be temporarily or permanently violated
- Accepting state: state in which the constraint is fulfilled/satisfied.
- Transition: change of state.
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What three unary constraints exist? Explain and draw them.
- Absence (A, n): A can occur at most n-1 times
- Exactly (A, n): A has to occur exactly n times (Existence + Absence)
Note: in the roof of the house you see the init and last
- Init(A): activity A has to occur first
- End/Last(A): activity A has to occur as the last activity
Init and End/Last are position-related
Existence, Absence, and Exactly are numerosity-based
What binary constraints exist? Explain and draw.
- Co-existence(A, B): when A occurs, B has to occur and vice versa (also here is the number of A's and B's not important)
Note: these are position-agnostic
What alternating ordered constraints exist? Explain and draw.
- Alternate precedence(A, B): B can occur only after the next occurence of A
- Alternate succession(A, B): both Alternate response(A, B) and Alternate precedence(A, B) hold
What are easy things to memorize the different visualizations in Declare?
Precedence has a bullet at the end
Succession has a bullet both at the beginning and at the end
Existence is one line without an arrow
Simple is one line with an arrow top
Alternate has two lines with one arrow top
Chain has three lines with one arrow top
Choice has an (empty) bullet in the middle
Negatives have two vertical stripes in the middle and always two dots
What negatives constraints exist in Declare? Draw and explain.
- Not succession(A, B): after A, B cannot happen anymore
- Not chain succession(A, B): B cannot occur right after A
What are Declare models well-suited for?
- Global behavior/Long distance dependencies: chain constraints and executing something n times
- Negative constraints: explicitly specifying what is not allowed
What is an event log?
How does declare constraint mining work?
- Then check all pairs of activities for binary constraints
- You should eventually take the constraint(s) that are highest in the hierarchy that hold for all traces
- Then you have a final result, which can be multiple constraints
Note: in exam you will get no negatives
How does Declare Conformance Checking work?
What are the three Declare tools?
What is hybrid process modeling?
The both worlds are:
- Procedural process models (like petri nets or BPMN): for predetermined sequences, the process is roughly fixed upfront
- Declarative Process Models (like Declare): for flexible processes, where many blanks concerning behavior still need to be filled in
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