Read the summary and the most important questions on Case 3 Insane in the brain

• 1 What is the orexigenic and the anorexigenis pathway?

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• What kind of substances perform (an)orexigenic actions?

  Drugs, hormones or compounds e.g. neuropeptide hormones

• What is the link between orexigenics and weight?

  orexigenics --> hunger increases --> food consumption increases --> weight increases

• What is the link between anorexigenics and weight?

  anorexigenics --> appetit decreases --> food consumption decreases --> weight decreases

• What are POMC neurons?

  POMC/CART neurons are anorexigenic neurons.

  insulin/leptin --> stimulation of POMC neurons --> secretion of alpha-MSH to synaptic cleft --> alpha-MSH binds to MCR on secondary neurons --> less hunger, more satiety

• What are NPY/AgrP neurons?

  NPY/AgrP neurons are orexigenic neurons.

  insulin/leptin --> inhibition of NPY/AgRP neurons --> less activation of NPY receptors on secondary neurons --> less binding of AgrP and inhibition of MCR (--> less inhibition of alpha-MSH) --> hunger feeling 

• 4 What is the influence of exercise on this pathway? (normal vs. athletes vs. obesity)

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• For how long is insulin sensitivity improved after exercise?

  Insulin sensitivity is improved for 48 hours after exercise. So you have to exercise 3-4 times a week to improve insulin sensitivity long term. 

• What is the short term effect of exercise?

  The short term effect of exercise is:

  • increased PYY
  • decreased acid related ghrelin

  This is during and some hours after exercise.

  exercise --> less hungry

• What is the long term effect of exercise?

  The long effect of exercise is: 

  • faster gastric emptying
  • increased satiety feeling
  • increase in energy intake (higher energy expenditure --> need to maintain glycogen storage --> energy intake)
  • improved satiety signalling --> more sensitive of nutrient sensing

• On what substances does exercise work and which not?

  Exercise doesn't work on:

  • Leptin
  • Ghrelin
  • Insulin

  
  

  Exercise does work on:

  • GLP1 increases --> PYY increases --> CCK increases --> satiety increases 

• What is the effect of sedentary lifestyle on insulin sensitivity?

  sedentary lifestyle --> insulin sensitivity decreases --> less satiety feeling at low insulin concentrations due to lower energy uptake --> bad energy balance