Read the summary and the most important questions on Ch.2 Foundations of individual behaviour

• 1 Ch.2 Foundations of individual behaviour

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• What are the two sets of factors in abilities?

  1. Intellectual ability; the capacity to do mental activities
  2. Physical ability; the capacity to do tasks that demand stamina, dexterity and strength by using your body

• What are the 9 basic physical abilities?

  1. Dynamic strength
  2. Trunk strength
  3. Static strength
  4. Explosive strength
  5. Extent flexibility
  6. Dynamic flexibility
  7. Body coordination
  8. Balance
  9. Stamina

• General Mental Ability (GMA)

  Intelectual dimensions are positively related. Higher intelligence means having a more interesting job.

• Relationship between age and job performance

  Job performance declines when ageing, even though you have more experience and commitment, you lack in flexibility and technological knowledge.

• What is the only gender difference in job performance?

  Women are more absent, because of their home and family responsibilities. 

• The effect of tenure/seniority

  Tenure is positively related to productivity (more experience) but negativity to absenteeism. Less turnover, but more job satisfaction.

• Religion affects the workplace in...

  terms of clothing, working hours, contact with foods. Religious discrimination can lead to health problems, absenteeism and turnover.

• 4 key processes of the social learning theory

  1. Attentional process; people only learn when they recognise the model and pay attention
  2. Retention process; influence depends on how well the model's action is remembered
  3. Motor reproduction process; watching must be converted into doing
  4. Reinforcement process; positive incentives and rewards increase motivation

• Four ways of shaping behaviour 

  1. Positive reinforcement; reward
  2. Negative reinforcement; termination or withdrawal of something unpleasant
  3. Punishment; cause an unpleasant condition in an attempt to eliminate behaviour.
  4. Extinction; eliminate any reinforcement that is maintaining the behaviour.

• Two types of reinforcement schedules

  1. Continuous reinforcement schedule; reinforce behaviour each time it occurs
  2. Intermittent reinforcement schedule; reinforce behaviour often enough to make behaviour worth repeating, but not always