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• 1 Changing Ideological & Theoretical Perspectives on Development

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• What is the difference between ‘architects’ and ‘auditors’? 

  • The auditor has a responsibility to highlight those elements that the architects leave out of their equations.
    
  • The challenge for the academic is to strike the necessary balance between the need for a broader and deeper understanding of a social phenomenon,and the social expectations that certain practical conclusions.
    

• What are the 4 stages in Development Ideology

  1. Trickle Down
  2. Basic Needs
  3. Small is beautiful
  4. Enabling environment

• Explain the first stage of Development Ideology: Trickle Down

  • Influenced by WW2
  • John Keynes: countries emerge out of poverty.
  • The public sector as generator of consumer demands, and the government as a more present factor.
    
  • Planning for longer periods (communistisch)
  • The state as the engine of economic growth
    
  • dissemination of information and diffusion of innovation
    
  • Top down government

• Explain the second stage of Development Ideology: Basic Needs

  • 1960
  • Growth without equity was growth without development
    
  • The introduction of universal primary education and rapid expansion of primary health care facilities.
    
  • People without satisfaction of basic needs, could not participate fully in development. by appealing to basic needs people could participate more in development process.
    
  • Decentralized government

• Explain he third stage of Development Ideology Small is Beautiful

  • First Oil Crisis 1973.
  • People began to recognize the significance of their own contribution and challenge the legacy that development comes through central activities.
  • Development no longer just a government domain. 
  • other institutions were needed, as well as society itself.
    
  • Greater incentives for the producer to engage in market transactions, that would lead to higher production.
    

• What are the four stages in Development Theory:

  1. Structura; Functionalism
  2. Neo Marxist Political Economy
  3. Neoliberal Political Economy
  4. The new Institutionalism

• Describe stage 1 of Development Theory: Structural Functionalism

  
  

  • Gabriel Almond & Talcott Parsons
    
  • Societies inherently perform the same basic functions, but they are differentiated in terms of which structures perform these functions. 
    
  • Integrative role of structures in society, enabling it to keep a social equilibrium. 
    
  • Development is a liniear evolution, involving structural differentiation and cultural secularization. 
    
  • Modernization

• Describe stage 2 of Development Theory: Neo Marxist Political Economy:

  • Development is not pursued in conditions with an equilibrium.
    
  • Development  grows out of conflict.
    
  • Structures are not only facilitating but also constraints.
    
  • Poorer countries are depending on the richer countries: ‘The development of core meant to underdevelopment of the periphery’
    

• Describe stage 3 of Development Theory: Neoliberal Political Economy

  • Rational choice theory. 
    
  • The importance of individual actors: micro context.
  • Development is the aggregate outcome of a multitude of individual actions. 
    

• Describe stage 4 of Development Theory: The new institutionalism

  • Value preferences  are not given but shaped in the context of social interaction. 
    
  • A society develops its own institutions.
    
  • Institutions = the layer between individual actors and societal structures.