Read the summary and the most important questions on cognition memory and emotion

• lecture 1

  This is a preview. There are 41 more flashcards available for chapter 30/03/2021
  Show more cards here

• What are the basic steps of memory?

  • Learning
    
  • storage of information
  • retention (behoud)
  • retrieval (or not) based on cue

• What processes can influence the retention phase of memory?

  • Consolidation; information is reinforced
  • Generalization; similarities between events are remembered
  • Distortion; information is altered/influenced
  • Forgetting; information is lost
    

• What was the first researcher on memory, and what did he research?

  • Aristotle first researched memory. 
  • he studied associations between stimuli and how you build knowledge from there.
  • this sparked an important philosophical thought in 17th and 18th Century (mainly British: John Locke, John Stuart Mill)

• After aristotle, what further improvement in memory knowledge arose?

  • The book Rhetorica ad Herennium was written.
    
  • it is a self help book on how to get a better memory;
  • describes the method of loci;
  • 'if you want to remember a bunch of items in a particular order, place them along a story where you describe a route that is very familiar to you.'

• What was the contribution of charles darwin on memory?

  • Memory, just like other features, is evolved to optimally help the species survive.
    
  • example; the honey bee has also intermediate memory, which lasts up to a few days. This is optimal to remember the location of nutritious flowers to communicate this to the hive.
  • bee doesn't remember flowers two months ago because it is not relevant for their survival.

• What were the contributions of knowledge on memory of ebbinghaus?

  • Created the ebbinghaus forgetting curve
    
  • counted how well he remembered lists of meaningless syllables at different points in time.

• What were the contributions of knowledge on memory of Jost?

  • Created Jost's law
    
  • If two memory traces have equal retrieval probability, but different ages, the older one will;
    

  • be forgotten more slowly than the younger one
  • benefit more from additional learning

• What were the contributions of knowledge on memory of Bartlett?

  • He discovered that memories are complemented by known information.
    
  • if you show someone a picture, and ask which of the two pictures was shown earlier, they will say the left one.
  • because we know plates are whole and round, and hearts as well so we remember them as such even though the right picture was shown initially.

  
  Bartlett discovered memory is a construction; schemata and gestalt psychology.

• What were the contributions of knowledge on memory of william james?

  • One of the founders of psychology
    

  • Distinguished primary and secondary memory, which is the equivalent of short and long term memory
  • discoverer of concepts like the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

• What were the contributions of knowledge on memory of Freud?

  • stressed emphasis on unconscious processes
    

  • proposed repression as a mechanism for forgetting (influence of emotion)

  • gave rise to the slip-of-the-tongue phenomenon