Agricultural contraction; age of declining or stable population; economy demonetization; increasingly unbalanced social pyramid (larger elite created by rank inflation and differential morality rates); the expanded ruling group tried, often in vain, to secure its tribute items from a disproportionately small, mobile, and uncooperative commoner class; continuing high status of women.

Develpmont of the trifunctional elite ( civil aristocrasy, religious organizations, and a military class); lessening effects of pandemics; mild agrarian and commercial revival (signs of rebound in commerce: stimulus of a dynamic Chinese economy); decline in elite women's power.

Tendai and Shingon.