The policy process
17 important questions on The policy process
What are the 7 stages of the policy process (by Lasswell)?
Intelligence
Promotion
Invocation
Application
Termination
Appraisal
What are the pro's and con's of the policy stages model?
pro's - useful heuristic for structuring empirical inquiry into policy-maiking, system perspective at whole process, prescriptive and normative, ideal type of rational evidence-based policy making, tnot a theory of the policy process
con's - not a good prescription of real policy-making, stages are constantly meshed and entangled, crowded policy space, research often focussed on one policy stage, mostly agenda-setting implementation and most recenlty policy appraisal. Unspecific about time scales/budgets.. Mute about corss-policy interations.
What is the original model of the policy cycle?
IESIET
Initiation (problem identification, agendasetting)
estimation (goal fromulation, developing plicy options)
selection (conflict and consensus strategies political deceisions)
implementation
evaluation (assessment based on selected criteria)
termination
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What is the issue-attention cycle?
Agenda setting often follows a predicable cycle:
1. the problem stage
2. alarmed discovery and euphoric enthousiasm
3. realising the difficulty and cost
4. gradual decline of intense public interest
5. the post problem stage
The political decision is usually taken long after public attention has moved on.
What are the points of top-down perspective?
Multiple decision-making and clearing points, interaction of field agencies with target groups, intra- and inter-organisational coordination problems, bad policy design based on wrong theories.
What are the points of bottom-up perspective?
What issues are found with policy evaluation?
Blame games, vague goals, goals might have shifted.
Current debates around what is usuable knowledge, what are 'real' experiments, feedback loops, costs of policy termination and wider issues of policy entrenchment.
What are the critiques of comprehensive economic rationality?
What is disjointed incrementalism?
What are the comminication challenges with disjointed incrementalism?
What are the comminication challenges with bounded rationality?
What is the mixed scanning model?
Mixed scanning selectively combines elements of comprehensive rationality and disjointed incrementalism. The more the probles are strategid in nature, the more that the comprehensice economic rationality approach is appropriate. The more the problems are operational in nature, the more the incremental approach is used.
Policy choices differ in complexity, scope and importance.
Challenges: What is the role of the people?, frame areas where you have status quo interests as operational choice, frame areas where you want policy change as strategic choice.
What is erotetic rationality?
What are the comminication challenges of erotetic rationality?
What is critical convergence?
What are communication challenges of critical convergens?
How can we understand policy decisions and what is the respective role of communication?
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