Read the summary and the most important questions on Cutting Edge | 9781447936800 | Sarah Cunningham

• 3.1 grammatica

  This is a preview. There are 2 more flashcards available for chapter 3.1
  Show more cards here

• When do we use Present Simple for Past time (v.t.) (2)

  1) In newspaper headlines ("Minister quits")
  2) telling a joke or when we relate to a story

• When do we use Present Simple for present time (t.t.) (2)

  1) when we refer to an action which happens at the moment of speaking ("I name this ship Lexa. I pronounce you man and wife")
  2) when commentating on a present action ("He shoots.. And scores")

• When do we use Present Continuous for present time (t.t) (1)

  1) when it is a longer event ("And now I am slicing the onions")

• When do we use Present Simple for future time (4)

  1) when we talk about future events which are timetabled ("The new cinema opens next week")
  2) When we refer to the future after time conjunctions such as:
  * If, When, before, as soon as, until, once, while, by the time etc. ("I will phone as soon as we have checked in")
  3)After relative pronouns such as WHO and WHERE, AS, THAN and WHETHER
  4) To describe future events which are officially organised / timetabled    
  * Often we use the present form of BE + INFINITIVE with TO

• Which tense do we use to talk about unreal situations in the past?

  Past Perfect
  ("If it had been up to me") 

• When do we use the past form (unreal situations) (3.5)

  1) Imaginary situations with IF ("If men had to undergo pregnancy")
  - variation on this form is IF + WERE + TO + INFINITIVE
  ("If I were to tell you that") 
  2) After I WISH, I'D RATHER/SOONER, I SUPPOSE/IMAGINE & IT'S TIME
  -these ideas are imaginable/desirable but contrary to actual facts
  ("I wish I had enough money to buy ....")  
  3) When making request more tentative and distant
  ("Was there anything else, sir?")  

• What are the General rules for Tense Sequence (2)

  1) The verb in a sub-clause is usually in the same tense as the verb in the main clause
  ("As soon as I heard my mother's voice (sub-clause) I knew something was wrong (main clause))
  2) If the main clause is in the past, so are the verbs which follow it even if they are still true now
  ("From our very first meeting, I knew you were the right person") 

• What are the tense rules for Reported Speech (4)

  1) If the main clause is in the past, so are the verbs which follow it
  2)After a past tense reporting verb (said, told) the reported words are not in the same tense as the original 
  3) If the fact is still important now, we can use a present tense
  4) With verbs like SAY and TELL we tend to use the Past simple to report the exact words & the Past Continuous to report the gist of what was said

• 4.1 grammatica

  This is a preview. There are 32 more flashcards available for chapter 4.1
  Show more cards here

• What kind of adjectives are ungradable adjectives

  Adjectives with a very strong meaning or an absolute meaning (normally do not have a comparative form)

• What kind of adjectives are gradable adjectives

  Adjectives which can follow words lijk very and quite (these have comparative and superlative forms)