Lecture bioinformatic databases - Thursday - Pragmatic and explanatory research
26 important questions on Lecture bioinformatic databases - Thursday - Pragmatic and explanatory research
How can research be categorised?
- Explanatory is also called pathophysiological
- Economic is an example of pragmatic research
- Phase 1 to phase IV
- Laboratory - patient - society
- Proof of principle - efficacy - effectiveness
What is the difference between explanatory and pragmatic research?
Pragmatic = does it help the patients
What do you have to do when there is overlap between your experimental groups? (=ceteris paribus)
--> when difference (delta) is small
--> when SD is large
- Higher grades + faster learning
- Never study anything twice
- 100% sure, 100% understanding
For my 1st exam I got a C. Then, I started looking for ways to learn better and I came across Study Smart. Since then I have scored a A+, A, A- and another A. I highly recommend it to everyone who wants to hear it. I am so happy with it!!
I was struggling to finish all my first-year subjects for 3 years. Then I discovered Study Smart, which helped me to finish all of them within 3 months.
Because of StudySmart, things are going well in many ways. Before, I always had study stress and no time for anything. Now I feel calm and confident (because of the program). I used to score a B, now I usually score an A or A+.
Hey Chris, I really want to thank you very much for developing the platform, I usually got around C for my exams, now I scored an A+, an A and a A- !!
Since using Study Smart, my average has increased significantly. I even completed a statistics course with a A+ while I'm bad at statistics. I took on extra courses this year, because of Study Smart. Thanks so much!
Ever since I started studying with StudySmart I passed all my exams !!! No more re-sits!! At first, I was happy with a pass and now I only get good grades. Many thanks!
I aced all the courses I studied with Study Smart. For law, I first scored a D, and now an A! I’m 100% sure that I’ll pass all the courses I study with Study Smart.
I always thought I studied well. My grades were fine. I could never have imagined that applying these study skills would have such a huge and direct impact on my grades, my speed and the pleasure I have in learning.
For the first time, I finally feel totally confident about the way I learn. I have the perfect overview and make great progress in terms of speed and the grades I get. Thanks, Chris!
I immediately started to enjoy learning again, and my grades soared. All of a sudden, everything went better. I highly recommend Study Smart to all students..
Being able to create my materials online made the process of studying so much smoother and quicker. I no longer have to spend a huge amount of my time on creating my summaries.
At first, my notes were a mess. Now I use Study Smart to take my notes in a perfectly structured way. It helps me to save a lot of time and do other things I enjoy.
Students that study with Study Smart get better grades. The system applies all the learning methods in such a way that both well-performing students and students who struggle perform much better.
Hi Chris, I would like to thank you very much. Last year I scored C on a course, and this year I got an A+ thanks to your method! Thank you very much!
The largest effect is that my child is more enthusiastic about school! Every parent wants their children to be happy at school, Study Smart made it happen.
In high school, I failed several exams, and that has really changed now. I actually needed this tool very much back then. Since I started studying with StudySmart, I haven't had any D's. My average score is now an A and those are results I would have never had in the past
With my old method, I passed only 3 out of 8 courses. Since I started taking my notes digitally in Study Smart, I have passed all my courses on the first try. For me, StudySmart takes away the stress of wondering if I will pass or not.
Thanks to StudySmart, I passed all my exams, and with better grades than before! On top of that, I have mastered a very good study method now, which I am confident will help me earn my degree.
Why is overlap between experimental groups bad?
- more difficult to draw statistically significant conclusions
- can be solved by increasing sample size
What are the seven aspects of research design?
- Choice of comparative treatments
- Choice of patient groups
- Blinding
- Control group
- Analysis: PP, AT, ITT
- Outcome measures
- Timing of measurements
What would you compare your new treatment with to know if it helps the patient?
Compare new policy to usual care
No checks on execution and compliance
What type of patient group would you study if you want to know how your treatment works?
- Homogeneous population with largest effect
- strict inclusion criteria
- reduces variation, thus increasing statistical efficiency
What type of patient group would you study if you want to know whether the treatment helps?
- Everyday heterogeneous patients
Would you blind patients if you want to know how treatment works?
- ideally double blind
Would you blind patients if you want to know if treatment helps the patient?
- usually non-blinded
- in daily practice patients and doctor know treatment
- possibly measurements by blinded observer
What are disadvantages of randomization?
- Retrospective data cannot be randomized
- If long follow-up is required you need to wait
- but chance can be analyzed using standard statistics
How can randomization be bad for external validity?
- more aware of the research -> influence on compliance
- more aware of the alternative -> influence on reporting
- 'contamination' -> care provider may apply elements of the experimental treatment in the control group
What is minimization (type of randomization)?
--> example: assign men with 75% probability to group with the least men
What is cluster randomization?
- patients are clustered = all patients from one physician, practice, region etc.
--> good for external validity (prevents contamination)
--> can be bad for internal validity
- clusters may not be comparable (many clusters needed)
- Inclusion criteria can differ between clusters
- Randomization is performed before inclusion (not blinded)
WHat is the difference between PP (per-protocol) and as-treated (AT) analysis?
AT = groups defined according to treatment, irrespective of randomization (fewer exclusions)
--> both explanatory
Are PP and AT explanatory or pragmatic?
What is ITT analysis?
Evaluation according to randomization without any exclusion (includes all errors)
You want to evaluate the policy (and errors are made during policy)
-- pragmatic
Is ITT pragmatic or explanatory?
Is ITT bad/good for internal and external validity?
- Mixed effect on internal validity
- Groups remain comparable (++)
- PP and AT mess up randomization
- Loss of statistical efficiency (-)
- Discrepancy between randomization and primary treatment
How would you measure disease burden?
- patient burden (quality of life and mortality)
- societal burden (costs)
--> costs per QALY
How to measure quality of life?
- questionnaire
- expensive and slow!
- intermediary outcome measures (BP, cholesterol etc.) --> relationship with disease burden
Timing of measurements for explanatory and pragmatic non-economic research
Pragmatic non economic = measure at time of largest expected difference, disease burden (long term needed). Measurments bring distortion -> don't measure too much
How can utility (value for the quality of life) be measured?
- Time Trade-Off (TTO)
- Standard gamble (SG)
- Questionnaires (like EQ-5D)
What is the visual analog scale (VAS)?
What is the Standard Gamble method?
- A: remaining life years blind
- B: 50% immediate death or 50% life in perfect health
--> the percentages you can differ (P and 1-P) and somewhere there is a break-even point.
Differences between VAS, TTO and SG
TTO trades quality for life years
SG trades quality for mortality
Usually, VAS < TTO < SG
--> TTO considered more valid method
What is the prefered method in the Netherlands to measure quality of life?
Try our study magic for free
a PDF, study it super fast
- No sign up, email or credit card needed!
- AI makes unlimited flashcards
- Get unlimited quizzes and tests
- Ask AI anything
- No sign up, email or credit card needed!
- Have and keep perfect overview
- Make flashcards, notes and mind maps
- Review, test and score!
The question on the page originate from the summary of the following study material:
- A unique study and practice tool
- Never study anything twice again
- Get the grades you hope for
- 100% sure, 100% understanding
