Read the summary and the most important questions on Development of Personal Relationships

• 1 Early Social Life

• 1.1 Classical Theories

• How do the classical developmental theories look at peer relations?

  
  

  • Infants are not capable of true social interaction
  • Later relationships are derived from relationships with primary caregivers
  • Peers start to matter later in development

• What are a few examples of classical developmental theories?

  • Psychoanalytic theory
    
  • Evolutionary theory
  • Attachment theory
  • Social learning theory
  • Cognitive developmental theory
  • Behavioral genetic theories

• 1.2 Modern Theories

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• What is sharing and how does the ability to share evolve?

  12 M.O.: affiliative sharing
  

  • Focus of non-sharing

  
  18 M.O.: share when it is requested
  

  • Understanding of ownership

  
  24 M.O.:
  

  • Children share spontaneously
  • Children start to reciprocate sharing
  • Sharing is predicted by sensitivity to distress
  • But: non-sharing is very frequent as well

  
  48 M.O.: sharing increases even further and is related to the theory Of mind.

• What is joint attention?

  The ability to coordinate attention with another person. This starts at 6 months, but there are individual differences.

• What is inhibitory control?

  The underlying skill of developing what personal space is, so that they don't adhere to their impulses to explore peers as they would explore objects.

• How does language link to peer relations?

  Verbal ability is related to higher prosociality and lower aggression. Conversations become important, think of pretend play for example.

• What is cooperating and how does the ability to cooperate evolve?

  
  1 y.o. can already cooperate.
  After 2 years of age, cooperation becomes more complex
  

  • This is related to language development
  • Monitoring of the partner, talking with the partner etc

• What is conflict and how does the development of conflict evolve?

  
  Conflict is functional for skill development.
  1 y.o.: conflict over toys which is resolves by physical force
  2 y.o.: also use verbal means
  

  • Kids avoid conflict, especially hard hits
  • Retaliation (=wraak) in conflict occurs

  
  Gender differences start around age 3 (due to socialization)
  

  • After this girls change their behaviour to the norms (for example don’t use as much physical touch)
  • Whatever is perceived as normal in a group will occur more in that group (for example: where bullying is more common more kids will bully)

  
  Later in life the subject of conflict changes.

• What sources influence the peer relations of a child?

  • Parents
    
  • Mother-infant relationship, father-infant relationship, parental relationship
  • Siblings
  • Other caregivers
  • Genes
  • Sex differences
  • Temperamental differences

• 2 Changes in Social Networks across the Lifespan

• 2.1 Social Network Changes

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• What are social networks?

  The set of people with whom an individual is directly involved. There is a social relationship and there are repeated social interactions.