Antisocial behaviour
23 important questions on Antisocial behaviour
What is meant by antisocial behaviour?
- Also damaging to the individual: e.g. poor achievement in school, obtaining a criminal record
What experiment describes antisocial behaviour in 14-18 year olds?
19% had carried a weapon in the last 30 days
36% had been in a fight in the last 12 months
30% had had their property stolen or damaged at school in the last 12 months
6% had missed school because of concern for own safety in the last 30 days
= quite high
What are two diagnostic categories in DSM-S?
2. Conduct Disorder (CD)
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What is Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)?
What is Conduct Disorder (CD)?
(more serious that ODD)
What is the diagnosis of Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) (DSM-5)?
Symptoms for longer than six months and beyond normal child behaviour
e.g.
Performs actions deliberately to annoy others
Argues often
Often loses temper
- In DSM-V (but not before), diagnosis of CD does not preclude diagnosis of ODD as well. See summary of changes from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5
- High comorbidity with Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and Learning disorders
What are associated problems with Conduct Disorder?
- Poor academic achievement, esp. reading
- Lower than average IQ
- Truancy
- School suspension or expulsion
- Accidents (due to risk-taking)
- Risky sexual behaviours, STDs
- Unplanned pregnancy, early teenage parenthood
- Earlier onset of sexual behaviour, drinking, smoking, illegal substance use and risk-taking acts
- Problems in work adjustment
- Legal difficulties, criminal offending
- Physical injury from fights
- Higher risk of criminal victimization; being killed or maimed
- Behaviour may preclude attendance in ordinary schools or living in a parental/foster home
- Adulthood: health problems, occupational difficulties, family problems, marital difficulties, criminal offending
What 2 experiments measured the prevalence of ODD and CD?
Results:
CD: 1.8% to 16% in boys, <1% to 9% in girls
ODD: 2% to 15% in boys, 1.5% to 15% in girls
2. Costello et al (2003)
- Longitudinal community study estimating 3-month prevalence of psychiatric disorders at 9-16 years
- Large, longitudinal sample, though from a small area of the U.S. - not necessarily representative of U.S. (or any other) population as a whole
Results:
Both ODD and CD rates relatively stable over ages 9-16 years
CD rate 3x greater for boys than for girls, ODD rate 1.5x greater
Compare: UK Office For National Statistics survey, 1999. In both studies, note choices made about: population sampling, assessment methods, informants.
(slides 1-3, p. 3 lecture notes)
What 2 experiments show that antisocial behaviour peaks in teenage and early adult years?
2. Eisner (2003), Crime & Justice - huge overall historical decrease in violent crime contrasts with relatively stable age profile of offenders
(slide 5, p. 3 lecture notes)
What are possible factors that can explain why antisocial behaviour peaks in adolescence and early adulthood?
What evidence does Moffitt (1993) provide us with?
- Evidence that the peak represents a large number of “adolescence-limited” individuals whose antisocial behaviour does not continue
- Proposes that alongside these there is a small but important sub-population of “life-course-persistent” individuals with persistent antisocial behaviour at all ages
---> Two different developmental pathways for antisocial behaviour
- Early vs Late Starter Model
What conclusions can be drawn from Moffitt's (1991) experiment?
At age 15:
---> BOTH “Life-course persistent” and “adolescence limited” groups
- had broken an average of five different laws in the past three months
Whereas the rest (most boys)
---> had broken fewer than one law in the past three months
(slide 3, p. 4 lecture notes)
What are the implications of the Early vs Late Starter Model?
Age at onset predicts developmental course and prognosis
(early onset – more likely to be lifecourse-persistent)
DSM-5 criteria for Conduct Disorder (CD) recognise a distinction between childhood and adolescent onset type
Early Starters
- Usually male
- Family dysfunction, poor parenting
- Deficits in verbal ability
- Deficits in social cognition
- ADHD
- Deviant peer group
Late Starters
- Male : female ratio lower than in early
- Less aggression
- Fewer prior difficulties
- More normative peer relationships
- Poor parental monitoring or supervision
- Deviant peer group
What did Barker & Maughan (2009) find?
Maternal report on questionnaire (5 items) ---> each child scored as “high risk” or “not high risk” based on age norms
The 5 questionnaire items -
- often has temper tantrums or hot tempers
- generally obedient, usually does what adults request
- often fights with other children or bullies them
- often lies or cheats
- steals from home, school or elsewhere
Results: graph slide 1, p. 5 lecture notes
What did Burke et al (2002) propose?
---> Multiple causal pathways - not one single causative factor
---> Multiple subtypes of the disorders, likely to have different causative factors
“Future steps will involve the restructuring of diagnostic criteria to capture adequate subtypes and indicators, clarification of the neurological underpinnings of the disorder, and refinement in the models available to explain the varied pathways to DBD”
Burke et al (2002) found many risk factors in regards to CD, ODD and antisocial behaviour. What are these factors?
- Genetics
- Intergenerational Transmission
- Neuroanatomy
- Neurotransmitters
- Other Neurochemicals
- Autonomic Nervous System Underarousal
- Prenatal and Perinatal Problems
- Neurotoxins
Child functional factors
- Temperament
- Attachment
- Neuropsychological Functioning
- Intelligence and Academic Performance
- Reading Problems
- Impulsivity and Behavioral Inhibition
- Social Cognition
- Sociomoral Reasoning
- Puberty and Adolescent Development
Psychosocial factors
- Parenting
- Assortative mating
- Child abuse
- Peer Effects
- Peer rejection
- Association with deviant peers
- Neighbourhood and Socioeconomic Factors
- Life Stressors and Coping Skills
What is the summary regarding conduct problems?
- Conduct problems include a broad range of behaviours ranging from mild to serious
- Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) and Conduct Disorder (CD) are childhood behavioural disorders in DSM-5 – associated with significant impairments and risks for the individual (and others)
- ODD is often a precursor for CD, and CD is often a precursor for antisocial behaviour disorder (ABD) in adults
- Different developmental trajecotories underlying CD – “early vs late starter” model, and recent extensions
- Many risk factors for ODD and CD – there are likely to be many causal pathways and subtypes
According to Cleckley, what are the components/traits of a psychopath? (Cleckley’s Psychopath (1941, 1976): "The Mask of Sanity")
- Superficial charm
- Pathological egocentricity
- Manipulative
Affective component
- Low levels of anxiety
- Lack of shame, remorse
- Lack of/shallow emotions
Behavioural component
- Irresponsible, impulsive, poor planning
---> These characteristics are predictive of a severe and persistent pattern of crime, violent crime in particular
---> In contrast to the average antisocial adult who is more likely to have low or average intellectual ability, Cleckley described psychopaths as being rational, with good reasoning abilities, and as having high levels of intelligence.
What are the factors under the 3 dimensions of psychopathic traits? What paper is this based on?
CALLOUS-UNEMOTIONAL TRAITS
- Unconcerned about the feelings of others
- Lack of guilt
- Unconcerned about school work
- Does not keep promises
- Does not show emotions
- Does not keep the same friends
NARCISSISM
- Thinks he or she is more important than others
- Brags about accomplishments
- Uses or cons others
- Charming in ways that seem insincere
- Becomes angry when corrected
IMPULSIVITY
- Acts without thinking
- Does not plan ahead
- Engages in risky activities
- Blames others for mistakes
- Gets bored easily
What are the assessments of psychopathy?
- Parent, teacher, self-report
Children:
Child Psychopathy Scale (CPS; Lynam, 1997),
Antisocial Process Screening Device (APSD; Frick & Hare, 2001)
Adolescents:
Inventory of Callous-unemotional Traits (ICU; Frick)
Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version (Forth et al., 2003)
What are the emotion processing deficits in CU?
- Children with high CU traits have difficulty recognising fearful facial expressions, vocal tones and body postures compared to children with low levels of these traits
- Facial expressions, vocal tones, body postures
(Blair et al., 2005; Marsh & Blair, 2008; Muñoz, 2009)
- Low amygdala reactivity in response to fear faces
(Jones et al., 2009; Marsh et al., 2008)
- Facial expressions: Eye contact deficits?
(Dadds et al., 2006; 2008; 2011, 2012)
- May explain low empathy
What is the Temperament Model of the Development of Conduct Problems?(Frick & Ellis, 1999)
- Strong genetic basis
- Low emotional reactivity
- Punishment insensitivity and reward dominance
- Proactive aggression
- Violence, more severe aggression
- More resistant to standard treatments
Hostile-impulsive Pathway
- Highly reactive to emotional and threatening stimuli
- Respond more strongly to provocations in social situations
- Hostile attribution bias
- Conduct problems associated more strongly with parenting practices
- Responsive to parental discipline
What is the summary of this lecture regarding psychopathy?
Three dimensions: Callous-unemotional (CU) traits, narcissism, impulsivity
CU-traits as predictors of antisocial behaviour
Emotion processing deficits in high-CU
Different predictors and trajectories for conduct problems in low-CU vs high-CU
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