Karl Popper and Duhem-Quine Thesis - Karl Popper
21 important questions on Karl Popper and Duhem-Quine Thesis - Karl Popper
What is an immuzing strategy accoring to Popper?
What did Popper suspect about the psychoanalytical theories?
--> Popper started to suspect that psychoanalytical theories were more like myths (Freud etc)
- No precise enough to have negative implications, and are immunized by experimental forgery.
Psychoanlaysts can predict that people will either repress (subdue by force) or sublimate (divert or modify into a culturally higher or socially more acceptable activity) deep emotianl experiences, but not which approach they will choose.
What is the criterion of Popper for distinguishing science from non-science?
-Should have falsifiers (observation reports)
So a theory that is consistent with all possible observations is not scientific.
However: unscientific does not mean that a theory is meaningless. An unscientific theory can become falsifiable at a given point in time, and therefore be scientific.
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What is (according to Popper) a central problem in the philosophy of science?
What was Popper's also sceptical of?
- He criticized the central logical positivists view that science can be distinguished from pseudo science on the basis of its inductive methodology.
- It is easy to obtain evidence in favor of any theory.
What were the implication's of Popper's idea?
2. Scientific knowledge is falliable knowledge: by correcting mistakes within a theory it becomes increasingly more truthful (one never has certainty, but it becomes more accurate)
3. Scientists should look for denial instead of confirmation: not for certainty as with L-P, but for a criticial test that proves you wrong.
What is Popper's theory of demarcation based on?
- it is logically impossible to verify a universal statment (all swans are white), so instead of proving it, it needs to be refuted
How was the problem of induction solved?
1. Laws were back
2. Scientific knowledge became fallible (capable of making mistakes)
3. Scientists should have aimed for refutation instead of verification.
Was there a way to get to universal laws according to Popper?
Science begins with problems, rather than observations (so it should be about problem solving
How can Popper's theory of demarcation be articulated?
1. The class of those basic statements with which it is inconsistent (it is potentially falsifiable)
- Not scientific: not observable
2. The class of those basic statements which it does not contradict
Give an example of Poppers's theory regarding rain in Amsterdam
= Not scientific, because it can not be proven wrong or right (it is tautologically true)
"It rains in Amsterdam."
= has empirical content, since it is riskier, there is also a falsifier (it does not always rain in Amsterdam)
How would Popper test theories? (Methodology) (4)
- Falsifiability: at least one counter example must be found that invalidates the whole theory (demarcation criterion)
- Determine if the theory would constitute a scientific advance (it survives tests and explains the same observations as good existing theories)
- Empirical content: Only one prediction needs to be rejected, so the more predictions, the easier it is to disprove.
What is a good theory according to Popper?
2. Is nevertheless "corroborated" by empirical data
vb: Einstein's theory of relativity
What is the growth of knowledge according to Popper?
According to Popper theories weaken each other (unlike LP who think that one builds on existing knowledge). Something is right, unless proven otherwise
What is deductive testing?
--> Popper claims that findin whether one theory is better than the other by deductively testing both theories, is better than using induction
So a theory is better than another if it has a greater empirical content, and thus is better at prediciting.
How do Popper and LP differ when it comes to empiricism?
What are Popper's spearpoints? (4)
2. We can never prove our theories, but merely confirm/ refute them
3. Hence, whenever we must choose between a number of theories, we can only eliminate those theories which are false, and rationally choose between the not falsified theories
4. Reject the approach that higher probability means accepting the theory. Scientists are interested in theories that have high empirical content (these theories possess a high predicite power and are more testable)
What is "The historicicst Doctrine of the Social Sciences?"
2. The task of politics, once the key predictions have been made, is to lessen the "birth pangs" of future social and political development of mankind
Why can Popper be called a historical indeterminist?
How can an "open society" be achieved?
Piecemeal social engineering: In such a society, the rights of the individual to criticize administrative policies need to be formally safeguarded and upheld, so that the undesirable policies are eliminated.
How can one immunize against Popper's invalidation of a theory?
Immunizations ex post1. Classify others: swans are white by definition. A black one cannot be a swan.
2. Underlying theory changes: that black of that swan, is the new white. Dark white. (Re-activating)
3. Change the domain: I only check European swans, yours is Australian.
Immunizations Ex ante
4. Ceteris Paribus: beforehand. One makes every statement irrefutable. All factors must remain the same to prove they are right. So proving wrong: the circumstances have changed
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