Individual emotions
11 important questions on Individual emotions
Why is fear the most widely studied emotion?
- Rapid and brief response to external stimulus
- motivates action to avoid pain or punishment
- Fear is often useful, protects us from danger
- innate (loud noise, snake) vs learned (guns)
What are behavioral & autonomic responses of fear?
- Similar for anger, but fear more potent
- Facial expression: eye whites, raised and contracted eye brows, mouth slightly open
What are early and recent findings on the amygdala?
- Kluver-Bucy-like symptoms when only amygdala lesioned instead of whole temporal lobe
- Effect on social hierarchies: lesioned monkeys drop in social rank
Modern amygdala studies on fear:
- Joseph LeDoux, rodent work: role in fear conditioning (2 pathways)
- Ralph Adolphs, human patients with bilateral amygdala damage: deficits in fear recognition
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What is the subcortical low road and what are its differences compared to the cortical high road?
- Removal of auditory thalamus: no freezing
- Rapid thalamus-amygdala pathway is sufficient for conditioned fear response
- Cortical pathway allows for detailed stimulus representation (subtle tone differences)
Functional differences between low and high road- Low thalamic road to amygdala is faster than high cortical road (12 vs 24 ms)
- Coarse vs. Fine stimulus representation
- unconscious cs. Conscious? Automatic vs controlled? --> experiments in the visual modality in humans
(affective blindsight
What happens when the amygdala gets damaged?
Severe recognition impairments specific to fearful facial expressions: does not attend the eye regions
What is disgust and its responses?
- rapid and visceral response to something inedible or something unclean
- motivates action to avoid contact with something, particularly with the mouth
- newborns show disgust expression to bitter tastes
- Most of disgust responses are learned: from avoidance of feces to more complex object associations
Behavioral & autonomic responses- Nausea, gagging, vomitting
- opposite of fear, except for sweating
- decreased heart rate, blood pressure, increased salivation
- Facial expression: Wrinkling of the nose, raising of the upper lip
Are fear and disgust opposites? Name reasons why(not)
- Fear (anticipation of pain)
Sensory vigilance --> increase sensory exposure --> detect source of threat
- Disgust (avoiding pain of unpleasant taste)
Sensory rejection --> diminish sensory exposure --> avoid contaminants
- Opposite appearance of fearful and disgusted faces
- Opposite facial actions for posing fear and disgust
Posing fear and disgust have opposite effects on perception and action:- Larger visual field when posing fear
- Faster eye movements during target detection when posing fear
- Increase in air velocity during inspiration when posing fear
Why is anger difficult to measure and what is it
- Anger can occur without aggression, and aggression without anger (killing prey for food)
- But only aggression can be measured in animals
- Anger is not an automatic response to a specific stimulus, but depends on appraisal:
- Threatening provocations or offence
- someone's elses (controllable) fault
Behavioral & autonomic responses- posture, voice altered
- arousal similar to fear, but self-perpetuating:
Hypothalamus --> adrenal gland --> stress hormones (cortisol) --> hypothalamus
- Facial expression: tightened lips, wide eyes, lowered eyebrows, raised lower lids
What is the anger circuit in the brain?
Many brain areas have been implicated in anger such as
OFC, medial, ventromedal, lateral prefrontal cortex
Anterior and posterior cingulate cortex
Amygdala (?)
What is the function of crying?
--> communication, drawing attention
But adults cry alone...?
humans cry tears...
- blurs vision, handicaps aggressive actions: could be signal of submission, for attachment, need, appeasement
- Is crying carthatic (to relief stress)? Unknown.
Is there a pain circuit?
- also OFC, prefrontal areas, temporal regions, subcortical structures, midbrain regions
- no sadness center
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