b. concrete operations— ages 7 to 11.

Remember your memory device: conservation begins with a “c” and so does concrete operations. The other three stages proposed by Jean Piaget do not begin with a “c.”

a.was pioneered by Lev Vygotsky.

The zone of proximal development describes the difference between a child’s performance without a teacher versus that which he or she is capable of with an instructor. In choice “c” the concept of organ inferiority is mentioned. This term is primarily associated with the work of Alfred Adler, who created individual psychology.

b.behavioristic.

Here again, the empiricist view is behavioristic. Using a little logic you can see that answer “c” is false inasmuch as some behaviorists have literally gone on record as saying, “if you can’t measure it then it doesn’t exist!” In case I still haven’t made myself clear, behavioristic empiricist researchers value statistical studies and emphasize the role of the environment. Organismic supporters feel the individual’s actions are more important than the environment in terms of one’s development.