Read the summary and the most important questions on Engaging Anthropological Theory A Social and Political History | 9781138631342 | Mark Moberg

• 1 Week 1

• 1.1 Chapter 4: Theory and practice to change the world

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• the capitalist societies of Western Europe consisted almost entirely of two social classes:

  
  

  • the owners of the means of production (employers or the bourgeoisie),
  • who were numerically few, and a much larger majority of people who survived by working for wages (the proletariat).

• Marx argues that capitalist profit is based on surplus value

  
  value provided by the worker to the capitalist in excess of what he or she is paid. If the capitalist is to remain in business, he must pay each worker less than the value of his or her labor.

• Marx distinguished three levels in any society

  
  

  • Ideology:
  • Juridico-political arrangements: 
  • A mode of production consisting of two components:
  • a) Social relations of production: patterns of property ownership, organization of work
  • b) Forces of production: technology, resources, and knowledge of how to use them.

• Three levels of society is also seen as

  Marx’s “birthday cake”

• Marx birthday cake is distinguished by

  
  the “base” of society (its mode of production) and its “superstructure” (ideology and juridico-political arrangements).

• Marx also proposed an evolutionary theory of society, one referred to as historicalmaterialism. Explain this term

  
  Marx held that the cause of all historical movement is to be found in society’s material base; as changes occur in the mode of production with regard to technology and social relations of production, corresponding changes occur at the sociopolitical
  and ideological levels.

• Because Marx was an active participant in the Russian revolution of 1917, it can be said that the collapse of the Soviet Union effectively repudiates and refutes Marx’s ideas.True or false?

  False

• For Marx, exploitation under capitalism meant that all employers treat their workers with abuse or injustice.True or False

  False

• 1.2 Chapter 5: Heirs to order and progress

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• Marxist thinking continues today in the form of conflict theory

  
  examines how the disparate power and influence of social classes lead to deep disparities in economic opportunity, education, housing, and health.

• Douglas derived four basic institutional forms that co-exist (albeit uneasily) in modern society,

  
  

  • Hierarchy (strong social regulation and integration), 
  • Individualism (weak regulation and integration),
  • Enclave (weak regulation, strong integration),
  • Isolate ordering (strong regulation, weak integration)