Read the summary and the most important questions on Evolutiebiologie aantekeningen

• 1 Leren

• Give the three preconditions for natural selection. L

  
  -variation: individuals within species differ from one another
  -heritability: some of these variations are heritable (due to genetics)
  -differential reproductive success: more offspring are produced than can survive. Survival and reproduction are nonrandom
  
  the individuals that survive & reproduce the most are those with vartiations that best suit their environment

• What is the breeders equation? L

  Selection x heritability = evolutionary response
  R = h^2 x S
  
  je hoeft nooit de wortel van h^2 te nemen om h te krijgen

• 1.1 Cursus 1

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• What is evolution? L

  - Descent with modification
  - Changes in the properties of populations that transcend the lifetime of a single individual
  - Changes in allele frequencies over time

• Darwin’s 4 theories of evolution: L

  - Evolution has occurred: species are not unchanging entities, but evolve over time.
  - The primary cause of evolutionary change is natural selection.
  - Splitting of single species into two or more species has occurred: all species share common ancestors.
  - Evolutionary change is gradual.

• What are the Principles of homology and common descent? L

  - Evolution can be viewed as a series of bifurcations in a phylogenetic tree – all life can be traced back to a common ancestor.
  - Groups of species that share a common ancestor derive attributes from that ancestor through common descent.
  - Once related lineages are reproductively isolated, evolution can lead to modifications of the basic plan.
  - Nevertheless, future evolutionary paths are constrained by past history.

• 1.2 Cursus 2

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• Why is heritability important? L

  - Reflects the proportion of variation in a trait that has a genetic basis.
  - Necessary for a trait to “respond to selection” with a change in the average trait value in the population

• 1.3 Cursus 3

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• Four main methods are available to test an adaptive hypothesis: L

  1) Observational studies.
  2) Manipulative experiments.
  3) Experimental evolution.
  4) Comparative method.

• 1.4 Cursus 4

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• Does adaptation lead to perfection?  L

  No, organisms deal with physical constraints and tradeoffs

• What are Functional interference? L

  Characteristics good for one function are bad for another

• What are Constraints? L

  physical, structural, functional limitations. Factors that slow or prevent the evolution of an ideal trait.