Hominins adaptations to upright locomotion (bipedalism)
11 important questions on Hominins adaptations to upright locomotion (bipedalism)
What are the advantages of bipedalism?
- Food is more easily carried
- Allows living from a home base
- Bipedal hominins had a better view over their surroundings and could more easily spot danger
- Energetic advantage for bipedal strolling
- Avoid over heating by strong sunshine (better regulation of body temperature)
What are anatomical traits associated with bipedalism?
- Calcaneus (heelbone) extended backwards, toe bone straightened, small hallux abduction
- Larger valgus angle of the knee joint
- Pelvis tilted, makes an angle with the spine; pubis to the front, ilial blade bended backwards; functional changes in muscles
- Lateral orientation of shoulder joint
- Position foramen magnum in basicranium
What is the advantage of an S-shaped spine?
- Higher grades + faster learning
- Never study anything twice
- 100% sure, 100% understanding
For my 1st exam I got a C. Then, I started looking for ways to learn better and I came across Study Smart. Since then I have scored a A+, A, A- and another A. I highly recommend it to everyone who wants to hear it. I am so happy with it!!
I was struggling to finish all my first-year subjects for 3 years. Then I discovered Study Smart, which helped me to finish all of them within 3 months.
Because of StudySmart, things are going well in many ways. Before, I always had study stress and no time for anything. Now I feel calm and confident (because of the program). I used to score a B, now I usually score an A or A+.
Hey Chris, I really want to thank you very much for developing the platform, I usually got around C for my exams, now I scored an A+, an A and a A- !!
Since using Study Smart, my average has increased significantly. I even completed a statistics course with a A+ while I'm bad at statistics. I took on extra courses this year, because of Study Smart. Thanks so much!
Ever since I started studying with StudySmart I passed all my exams !!! No more re-sits!! At first, I was happy with a pass and now I only get good grades. Many thanks!
I aced all the courses I studied with Study Smart. For law, I first scored a D, and now an A! I’m 100% sure that I’ll pass all the courses I study with Study Smart.
I always thought I studied well. My grades were fine. I could never have imagined that applying these study skills would have such a huge and direct impact on my grades, my speed and the pleasure I have in learning.
For the first time, I finally feel totally confident about the way I learn. I have the perfect overview and make great progress in terms of speed and the grades I get. Thanks, Chris!
I immediately started to enjoy learning again, and my grades soared. All of a sudden, everything went better. I highly recommend Study Smart to all students..
Being able to create my materials online made the process of studying so much smoother and quicker. I no longer have to spend a huge amount of my time on creating my summaries.
At first, my notes were a mess. Now I use Study Smart to take my notes in a perfectly structured way. It helps me to save a lot of time and do other things I enjoy.
Students that study with Study Smart get better grades. The system applies all the learning methods in such a way that both well-performing students and students who struggle perform much better.
Hi Chris, I would like to thank you very much. Last year I scored C on a course, and this year I got an A+ thanks to your method! Thank you very much!
The largest effect is that my child is more enthusiastic about school! Every parent wants their children to be happy at school, Study Smart made it happen.
In high school, I failed several exams, and that has really changed now. I actually needed this tool very much back then. Since I started studying with StudySmart, I haven't had any D's. My average score is now an A and those are results I would have never had in the past
With my old method, I passed only 3 out of 8 courses. Since I started taking my notes digitally in Study Smart, I have passed all my courses on the first try. For me, StudySmart takes away the stress of wondering if I will pass or not.
Thanks to StudySmart, I passed all my exams, and with better grades than before! On top of that, I have mastered a very good study method now, which I am confident will help me earn my degree.
What are changes in the pelvis that are related to bipedalism?
- Pelvis is shortened and wider
- Ilium is shorter and tilted backwards
- Ischium makes a shorter bend
- Pubis is more directed frontally
- Distance between left and right acetabulum is larger
What is the difference between abductor and adductor muscles?
What is the axial turn and when is it used?
Is the axial turn specific for Homo sapiens?
What are adaptations in the femur and knee of Homo sapiens?
- Inclination angle
- Valgus angle
- Obturator groove becomes smaller
What can you tell about the footprins of Laetoli?
- Found in Tanzania
- Footprint in volcanic ash an adult and a young individual
- 3.7 million years old!
- Solid proof for early bipedalism
- Attributed to Australopithecus afarensis
What is the hallux abduction?
What are the disadvantages of bipedalism?
- Obstetric problems
- Back pain
Try our study magic for free
a PDF, study it super fast
- No sign up, email or credit card needed!
- AI makes unlimited flashcards
- Get unlimited quizzes and tests
- Ask AI anything
- No sign up, email or credit card needed!
- Have and keep perfect overview
- Make flashcards, notes and mind maps
- Review, test and score!
The question on the page originate from the summary of the following study material:
- A unique study and practice tool
- Never study anything twice again
- Get the grades you hope for
- 100% sure, 100% understanding
