Read the summary and the most important questions on Frontiers in medical and veterinary biology

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• Is it true that avian flu type H5N1 is not readily spread from human to human due to differences in capability to infect different parts of the respiratory tract?

  Yes it is true: Avian flu normally replicates in internal organs and the lower respiratory tract, which complicates airborne transmission

• Is it true that avian flu type H5N1 is not readily spread from human to human because it has different temperature optimum for replication?

  Yes it is true: avian flu replicates at higher temperatures

• Is it true that avian flu type H5N1 is not readily spread from human to human because of differences in receptors recognized by human and avian influenzaviruses?

  Yes it is true: avian flu prefers receptors that are not found in the human respiratory tract

• Why is morbidity management important in the program to eliminate lymphatic filariasis for people with chronic lymphatic filariasis? Take socioeconomic and health aspects into account

  People with chronic LF develop elephantiasis, due to blockage of lymph nodes. This leads to physical disabilities and secondary infections. The deformities make that people that suffer from chronic LF cannot work or take part in public life

• Why is it concerning that dracunculiasis infections are found in dogs and what does it mean for eradication of the disease?

  It is concerning as dracunculiasis was thought to only occur in humans. Dogs might form a reservoir species, making eradication more difficult.

• The nematode caenorhabditis elegans is an organism used in developmental biology, what is the main difference in its lifecycle compared to parasitic nematodes?

  C. Elegans does not require hosts in its lifecyle, it is fee livling

• During what phase of composting is the risk of azole resistance development highest for A. Fumigatus? New heap, pre-compost or finished compost?

  The chance of resistance is highest during the pre-compost phase. Because A. Fumigatus grows excessively during this phase

• What characteristics determine whether a location can be considered a hotspot (compost)?

  The presence of azoles or the full lifecycle of A. Fumigatus

• What is an advantage of using C. Elegans as a model for anthelmintic discovery?

  • A lot of genetic resources are available, so it is easy to study gene functions, compared to parasitic nematodes. Research on the molecular mechanism of anthelmintic drugs is possible
    

• What are disadvantages of using C. Elegans as a model for anthelmintic discovery?

  • The phylogenetic distance of C. Elegans to many parasitic nematodes is a disadvantage. When species are distantly related, there is a chance anthelmintics do not work against parasitic nematodes
  • Anthelmintic drugs are very nematode or larval stage specific, so specific active compounds can be overlooked when discovered on C. Elegans