Malaria, tuberculosis and HIV
8 important questions on Malaria, tuberculosis and HIV
How do infectious diseases often present themselves (symptoms)
- Fever (usually intermittent)
- Headache
- Vomiting or watery diarrhoea
- Coughing
- Sneezing
- Pain
- Rash
- Malaise
How can infectious diseases be diagnosed?
- Systematic examination of key physiological markers
- History-taking
- Examination
What are the risk factors for infectious diseases
- Children and elderly are susceptible for many infections
- Environment (animals; places where many people are together in unhygienic conditions)
- Use of immunosuppressants
- Malnutrition
- Poor sanitation
- Unsafe sex
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How can infections be acquired (=opgelopen worden)
- Prions (single protein molecule)
- Viruses (protein and nucleic acid (RNA or DNA) --> replication in host cells)
- Bacteria (enclosed by a cell membrane and most have a cell wal)
- Eukaryotes (protozoa, fungi, worms)
Spreading can be through food, water, air, contact with other humans or animals, vectors such as mosquitos, infected needles
What are some special features for infections vs non-infections diseases epidemiology
- A case may also be an exposure
- People may be immune
- A case may be a source without being recognised as a case
- There is sometimes a need for urgency
but they have the
- same general rationale
- same terminology
- same study methods
- same way of collecting data
- same analysis
Why is there a decrease in the time trends in infectious and non-infectious diseases since 1900
- Improved standard of living (hygiene, nutrition)
- Installation of sewerage, drinking-water supply
- Microbiological techniques to isolate and identify micro-organisms
- Epidemiological investigation of transmission routes
- Antimicrobial treatment
- Vaccination (after ±1960)
Piek = spaninch flu
What kind of changes are there that are favouring emerging pathogens?
- Ecology - climate changes, deforestation, intensive farming
- Demography
- Behaviour - Travel, trade, sex, i.v. Drugs
- Technology - food production and distribution; medical interventions
- Evolution of microbes
- Bioterrorism
What are the strategies for prevention and control
- Vaccination
- Prophylaxis
- Treatment
- Isolation / treatment
- Ecological management
- Prevent transmission e.g. Universal precautions
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