Lung diseases
7 important questions on Lung diseases
What are the clinical features of respiratory disease? And how to distinguish between normal and abnormal?
- Runny or blocked nose
- Sneezing
- Coughing
- Coughing up blood
- Breathlessness
- Breath sounds
- Clubbing
- Pulse rate
- Tremors
In a typical normal adult at rest
- Pulmonary blood flow is about 5L/min
- This carries 11 mmol/min (250 mL/min) of O2 to tissues
- Ventilation is about 6 L/min
- This removes 9 mmol/min (200 mL/min) of CO2 form the body
- A normal respiratory rate in adults is toughly 12 to 16 breaths per minute
How to check for signs of respiratory disease
- Runny, blocked nose and sneezing
- Cough
- Sputum (excess mucus)
- Haemoptysis (blood-stained sputum)
- Breathlessness (dyspnoea)
- Wheezing (airflow limitation)
- Chest pain
Which haematological and biochemical tests are useful and what do they mean?
Haemoglobin
- to detect anaemia or polycythaemia
Packed cell volume
- as secondary polycythaemia occurs with chronic hypoxia
Routine biochemistry
- often disturbed in lung cancer and infection
D-dimer
- to detect intravascular coagulation; a negative test makes pulmonary embolism very unlikely Other blood investigations sometimes required include alfa1-antitrypsin levels, Aspergillus antibodies, viral and mycoplasma serology, autoantibody profiles and specific IgE measurements
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What can be learned from sputum samples? Sputum should be inspected for colour
- Yellowish green indicated inflammation (infection or allergy)
- Blood suggests bronchiectasis, lung cancer or pulmonary infarction
Give cause, symptoms and treatment for acute bronchitis
- can be viral (majority) or toxins (smoking), sometimes bacterial (more often in smoking or COPD)
Symptoms
- less severe than pneumonia (which is deeper in the lungs) infection of the breathing tubes; cough and sometimes pain in the chest, sometimes fever.
Treatment
- acute bronchitis resolves on its own. You may get medicine to suppress your cough.
What is the prevalence of smoking, its effects and effect of smoking cessation
Which kind of diseases are caused by asbestos?
Asbestosis is defined as fibrosis of the lungs caused by asbestos dust, which may or may not be associated with fibrosis of the parietal or visceral layers of the pleura. It is a progressive disease characterised by breathlessness and accompanied by finger clubbing and bilateral basal end-inspiratory crackles.
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