Gene transcription and RNA modification - Transcription in bacteria
30 important questions on Gene transcription and RNA modification - Transcription in bacteria
Which study first indicated that DNA was used as a template to synthesize RNA?
Who proposed the idea that RNA was used as a genetic messenger from DNA to ribosome to provide the information for protein synthesis?
Who confirmed the hypothesis of Meselson and Jacob about transcription and translation?
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How are the bases in a promoter sequence numbered?
How are the bases preceding the transcriptional start site numbered?
There are two sequences in many promoters which are particularly important for promoter recognition in bacteria. At which numbers in the promoter are these sequences located?
What is the Pribnow box?
What is the consensus sequence? And what does this practically mean?
Of which parts is the RNA polymerase holoenzyme built?
What is the function of the 2 α subunits within the holoenzyme of RNA polymerase in bacteria?
- The process of binding to DNA
What is the function of the β and β' subunits?
- To carry out the catalytic synthesis of RNA
What is the function of the ω subunit of the holoenzyme of RNA polymerase in bacteria?
What is the primary role of σ factor within the holoenzyme of RNA polymerase in bacteria?
Seen the fact that the σ factor has a role in recognizing the promoter, it influences the function of RNA polymerase. How are proteins that influence the function of RNA polymerase called?
How is a promoter identified by the RNA polymerase holoenzyme?
- σ factor recognizes both the -35 and -10 sequences;
- The helix-turn-helix motif within the σ factor can bind to these sequences;
- Two α helices of the σ factor fit into the major groove of the DNA double helix and form hydrogen bonds with the bases;
- σ factor within the holoenzyme forms a closed complex when binding to the promoter
For transcription to begin, the DNA must be unwound. Where does this unwinding begin?
Why is the DNA in the TATAAT region more easily separated than other parts of the DNA?
After a short RNA is made within the open complex, what happens?
What is an open complex?
Which strand is used as a template strand is different vary among different genes. What, however, is always the same concerning the used strands?
Which bonding is forced to separate when termination occurs?
Which two things are released when the RNA-DNA hydrogen bonding is separated in the process of termination?
Which two different mechanisms for termination have been identified in E. Coli?
- For other genes, p protein involvement is not required (p-independent termination)
What is the rut site?
How does p protein function?
What is the second component of p-dependent termination?
What happens at the termination site in p-depedent termination?
- This stem-loop structure binds to RNA-polymerase, which causes RNA polymerase to pause;
- In this pause the p protein catches up to the stem-loop, pass through it and break the hydrogen bonds between the DNA and RNA;
- The RNA strand is then separated from the DNA and RNA polymerase.
The process of p-dependent termination does not require p protein. What does it require then?
How does the process of p-independent termination work?
- Other proteins, like NusA, stabilize the pause by binding to RNA polymerase;
- At that time, the uracil-rich sequence in the RNA is bound to the DNA template strand. The binding of this uracil-rich sequence to the DNA template is relatively weak, causing the RNA transcript to dissociate from the DNA;
- Transcription is stopped.
How is p-independent termination also called?
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