Gene regulation in eukaryotes I: Transcriptional and translational regulation - Regulatory transcription factors
26 important questions on Gene regulation in eukaryotes I: Transcriptional and translational regulation - Regulatory transcription factors
What are transcription factors?
Which 2 types of transcription factors play a role in the binding of the transcriptional complex to the core promoter and/or control the switch from initiation to elongation?
- Regulatory transcription factors (regulate the rate of transcription of target genes).
What are 6 factors that contribute to combinatorial control?
2. Repressor proteins (inhibit initiation);
3. Modulation of activators and repressors by binding of small effector molecules, protein-protein interactions and covalent modifications;
4. Alteration of the composition or arrangement of nucleosomes in the vicinity of a promoter (affects transcription);
5. DNA methylation;
6. Formation of heterochromatin (C16).
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What is a motif?
What are four examples of motifs in transcription factor proteins?
- Helix-loop-helix motif;
- Zinc finger motif;
- Leucine zipper motif.
How do the recognition helices in the helix-turn-helix and helix-loop-helix motifs bind to the DNA backbone?
What do certain motifs promote?
When two identical transcription factors come together, how is the formed complex called?
How is it called when two different transcription factors come together?
How is the action of silencers called (inhibit transcription).
How is it called when regulatory elements can function in the forward or reverse direction (2 terms)?
What is surprising about the effect of regulatory elements?
Where can regulatory elements also be found?
Which two proteins control the function of mediator?
- Repressors: inhibition.
How is mediator able to interact with the activator and repressor proteins, seen the fact that they can be very distant?
Why do activator and repressor proteins have to be regulated themselves?
What are the three ways in which regulatory transcription factors (activators & repressors) are controlled themselves?
- Protein-protein interactions;
- Covalent modification.
How could a small effector molecule work?
How could a protein-protein interaction take place?
What is an example of a covalent modification?
What are glucocorticoid hormones?
How could a glucocorticoid hormone effect the transcription of a protein (steps)?
- HSP90 is released from the receptor;
- Two glucocorticoid receptors form a homodimer and travel into the cell nucleus;
- Two sequences in opposite directions (GRE) function as an enhancer to which the glucocorticoid receptor homodimer binds;
- The adjacent gene is activated and transcribed.
How many different genes have GREs located adjacent to them, and thereby 'react' to steroids?
What is different between the regulatory mechanism with steroids and most other signaling molecules?
What is CREB protein?
What is the mechanism of activation of CREB protein and thereby the activation of a target gene (steps)?
- G protein is activated, which activates adenylyl cyclase;
- Activated adenylyl cyclase catalyzes the synthesis of cAMP;
- cAMP activates kinase A;
- Kinase A phosphorylates CREB protein;
- CREB protein binds to CREB-binding protein (CBP);
- Binding with CBP leads to activation of RNA polymerase.
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