Read the summary and the most important questions on Global development issues

• week 4

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• What are antipoverty transfers

  Objective: to facilitate their escape from poverty.
  It includes:
  - Pure transfers for households or individuals (child allowance)
  - Transfers combined with asset accumulation (human development conditions)   
  - Integrated antipoverty transfers (combines several interventions, pays attention to social and economic inclusion)

• How to best study antipoverty transfers

  Social protection to develop long-term institutions needed to eradicate poverty, it includes:
  - social insurance: schemes between workers and employers
  - Social assistance: tax finance
  - Programmes addressing poverty 
  - Employment programmes 
  It's accepted in developing countries as essential for an inclusive development strategy and to reach the poorest

• Growth of antipoverty transfers

  Faster in MIC's than LIC's. Due to implementation capacity and political factors. Factors that create political consensus:
  - strengthened social contracts
  - Fiscal pacts around natural resource revenues 
  - Awareness by policy makers and the mass public regarding effectiveness of antipoverty transfer

• Conditions of social assistance programmes

  Conditions to the continuation of transfer payments, e.g. school-aged children are enrolled. Issues with conditions:
  - failure to comply can stop the transfer
  - Might penalize households least able to comply  
  -  Conditions fall primarily on mothers
  - Conditions might not be required
  Limited evidence that project success is due to conditions

• Impact of social assistance on poverty rates

  - Limited evidence because poverty influenced by a range of factors. Most direct impact on household consumption:
  - Growth in food consumption,  improves nutritional status
  - Current consumption -> medium-run effects on human development -> increased productivity

• Role of technology in social assistance

  - Leads to better service delivery and cost effectiveness
  - But exclusion of groups lacking access or competencies
  - Electronic payments reduces corruption and improves privacy
  - Intermediation is still needed by social workers

• 5 factors that influence the effectiveness of antipoverty transfer programmes.

  - Human development focus – This influences the productive capacity of households, and leads to greater success of antipoverty transfers
  - Political embeddedness – antipoverty transfers require political support in order to be sustainable.
  - Capacity of public agencies – effectiveness depends on the capacity of public agencies to formulate, design and implement programmes.
  
  -Scale and selection – broad targeting works better than narrow targeting, because it reduces errors in selection.
  -Exit strategies – can be demographic (e.g. children leaving schools), or through regular reviews of entry conditions. 

• The contribution of antipoverty transfers to progress towards zero goals. 

  -Antipoverty transfer programmes are essential in eradicating extreme poverty and maintaining this achievement.
  -Also useful for reducing disparities in access to service and opportunities in developing countries.
  - Economic growth and provision of quality basic services can reduce poverty, but without transfers they will not reach the poorest. 

• The role of international aid and antipoverty transfers

  - Aid  can scale up antipoverty transfers by facilitating the development of design and implementation. By covering set-up costs.
  - International aid only finances antipoverty transfers in the short term.  In medium-term they have to be financed domestically to be sustainable
   

• Neoliberal economic agenda in developing countries

  Neoliberalism is an economic and political ideology that undermines the importance of social and ecological affairs to capitalist market dynamics.
  -Rolling-back phenomenon: reducing the activities of the state
  -Rolling-out phenomenon: reconstruction of the state around neoliberal models. 
  Every country is affected by neoliberalism