Read the summary and the most important questions on Groundwater Processes

• 1 Introduction

• 1.1 Powerpoint

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• What are three things you need to know about ground water?

  1. Resupplied by infiltration
  2. Often cleaner than surface water
  3. Accessed by wells

• On what two things does the velocity of ground water depends on?

  1. Slope
  2. Permeability

• What are typical artesian systems? (4 things)

  - Dunes with peat grow
  - Glacial systems with outwash (stuwwallen)
  - Permafrost systems 
  - Fracture zones in cristaline rock

• 2 Principles of Saturated flow

• 2.1 Powerpoint

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• What is \/H (triangle)?

  A vector of H that point to the location where the increase of H is the strongest.

• What are three limitations to Darcy's law?

  1. Neglectance of velocity head
  2. Doesn't work when reynolds number >1 
  3. Doesn't work when groundwater density (rho) varies spatially

• When is the hydraulic head not a correct measure for energy?

  When the density differs.

• 3 Permeability and resistance

• 3.1 Powerpoint

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• When is a layer isotropic?

  When the hydraulic conductivity K at each location is the same in all directions.

• When is a layer heterogeneity?

  When the K is not the same at every location.

• When is a layer anisotropy?

  When the value of K at a location depends on the direction.

• What is shear flow?

  Flow rate varies perpendicular to flow direction.