Read the summary and the most important questions on Health promotion disease prevention

• 1 Introduction

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• What is the difference between the three types of prevention. Name them and explain.

  
  1. Primary prevention
  To prevent (development of) diseases
  2. Secundary prevention
  Screening/early detection of diseases
  3. Tertiairy prevention
  Prevent/reduce the seriousness / or complications of diseases

• 2 Hearing impairments

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• Causal factors for hearing impairments

  1. Aging
     
  2. Noise
  3. Male gender
  4. Cognitive decline
  5. DM
  6. HT
  7. Smoking

• Key predictive factors for entering a Hearing Aid Evaluation Period?

  
  o High level of self-reported hearing disability
  o High level of objectively measured hearing loss
  o Many perceived HA (hearing aid) benefits
  Improved communication and social participation
  o Few perceived HA barriers
  

  • Stigma: it appears that people are more likely to take up a hearing aid if they experience higher stigma (opposite from expected, and only occurs inwomen
  • Costs

  
  o High degree of social support & social pressure

• 3 Upstream determinants

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• Examples of obesogenic environments

  1. Urban sprawl
  2. Less landuse mix  

• What are challenges in upstream research? Name three.

  
  • Study design
  Most are cross-sectional, few are longitudinal and very few are RCT’s
  Randomised experimental studies allow for the possibility of isolating specific riskfactors and exposing subjects at will, but in real life contextual factors do not occur in isolation, and it is often difficult to randomise individuals to new or changed environments.
  • Self-selection
  • Area of exposure
  Which environment is being looked at? Influences the results!
  • Defining exposure
  Many ways of operationalizing environments
  • Mismatch
  Subjective/objective data: difference in results! Behaviors or availability
  • Interactions
  How do upstream determinants interact with downstream determinants?
  COVID-19 (gyms are closed) and motivation to be physically active

• 4 Community Action

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• What is community action research?

  Research using principles of community action.
  Sort of PAR, but with specific focus. It has an idea about a theory of change: the community is essential in achieving the health goals. (helping communities to support themselves)

• What is the aim of community action research?

  To meet complex health challenges of society

• What is transdisciplinary research? Give a definition.

  
  A new form of learning and problem solving involving cooperation among different parts of society and academia in order to meet complex challenges of society.

• What is the difference between Community action research (CAR) and Participatory action research (PAR)?

  CAR is always about disadvantaged areas and groups + building of social capital (building networks and competences amongst people, so that people feel more capable and get more agency).

• What is a community?

  
  Groups of people who identify themselves by their group membership, sharing a common interest, common social institutions and common social control components.