Activities that may help to prevent disease, detect disease and disability at an early stage, promote and enhance health, or protect from risk injury. Regardless whether the individual carries out this activity for health reasons. (there is evidence that moderate alcohol consumption is associated with more favourable health outcomes than either heavy drinking or complete abstinence).

Sociocultural and national factors (e.g. japanese diet and stomach cancer)
Legislation (e.g. Smoking rates in Finland are the lowest in Europe)
Economic factors (buoyancy of the economy and availability of disposable income, together with taxes on tobacco and alcohol)
Goods and services (e.g. not everyone has a bike)
Health service provision (not everyone can afford it)
Social and family factors (e.g. everyone in the family smokes)
Person (sociodemographic; health status; psychological; biological)