Health and the People - A Revolution in Medicine
21 important questions on Health and the People - A Revolution in Medicine
What did scientists believe about germs in the 17th Century?
What did Pasteur discover in 1861? (3)
- He was employed to find the reason sugar beet soured during fermentation and his answer was germs.
- Pasteur proved there were germs in the air
- He published his Germ Theory in 1961 and argued microbes CAUSED decay and disease.
What impact did the germ theory have on medicine? (4)
- People couldn't believe it at first and it didn't help that each germ had to be discovered individually.
- Helped inspire Joseph Lister to develop antiseptics.
- Confirmed John Snows theory on cholera
- Linked disease to poor health conditions putting pressure on the government to pas the 1875 Public Health Act.
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Who was Robert Koch?
What did Robert Koch discover? (4 Bacteria)
- Anthrax bacteria
- Scepticaemia bacteria
- Tuberculosis bacteria
- Cholera bacteria
What scientific methods did Robert Koch use? (3)
- Used agar jelly to create and breed bacteria
- Dyes to stain the bacteria so they are visible under microscope
- Used photography to record his findings.
What vaccines did Pasteur develop? (3)
- Cholera
- Anthrax
- Rabies
How did Koch's method help other microbe hunters? (4)
- Klebs- diphtheria
- Loeffler- Discovered germs produce toxins
- behring- antitoxin to diphtheria
- Ross- how Malaria is transmitted
What did Paul Ehrlich discover?
- Dyes that could kill malaria and sleep sickness germs
- Began looking for the arsenic compound that would kill syphilis without poisoning the rest of the body.
- Compound 606 was discovered to have worked and was used on the first human as Salvarsan 606 in 1911
What did James Simpson discover?
Why did early anaesthetics lead to a rise in death rates?
- Led to longer and more complex operations however doctors were extremely unhygienic
- Doctors didn't wear clean clothes
- Conditions weren't sterile
- Operating instruments weren't sterile
What are the two main approaches to reducing infection?
- Antiseptic methods are used to kill germs that get near any wounds.
- Aseptic methods aim to stop any germs getting near the wound in the first place
How did Joseph lister pioneer the use of antiseptics? (3)
- After hearing about the germ theory he started using carbolic acid on instruments and bandages.
- This immediately reduced death rates however people found it unpleasant on the skin or to breathe in
- Lister used a well publicised operation to promote the use of carbolic acid
How did Aseptic surgical methods reduce the need for chemicals? (3)
- Instruments are sterilised with boiling water before use.
- Theatre staff sterilise hands, wear sterile gowns, masks, gloves, hats
- The theatres themselves are kept extremely clean and fed with sterile air
How did overcrowding in towns lead to poor living conditions? (5)
- People were moving to towns to work in factories and lived in extremely close conditions
- Overcrowding due to poverty of workers
- Privy- outside shared toilets extremely unhygienic.
- The privy was built above a cesspit and was collected by night men who throw it into rivers or piled it up for the rain to wash away
- Water companies set up water pumps in the streets which were shared and often contaminated by cesspits or rivers.
What was the cholera epidemic in 1832 (4)
- Over 21,000 people died
- Spreads when infected sewage gets into drinking water and causes extreme diarrhoea
- The best theory was miasma
- The epidemics recurred
What was/did the Chadwicks report lead to? (3)
- In 1842 the social reformer, Edwin Chadwick published a report on poverty and health and showed that living conditions in towns were worse than countrysides.
- It suggested the government should pass laws for proper drainage and sewerage systems.
- The 1848 Act set up a central Board of Health and allowed any town to set up its own local board of health
What did John Snow discover? (3)
- Showed a connection between contaminated water and cholera
- He studied a cholera outbreak in Broad Street and noticed the victims all used the same pump.
- He removed the pump and stopped the outbreak.
What was the Great stink in London 1858? (2)
- The hot weather caused the Thames water level to drop and bacteria to grow in the waste producing a horrendous smell.
- To reduce the stink a new London sewer system was built to transport waste away from heavily populated areas to the Thames estuary
How did public opinion begin to change? (4)
- The government had a laissez-faire attitude and people believed the government shouldn't intervene.
- The Germ theory showed cleaning tows could stop the spread of disease.
- The second reform act let 1 million more workers the vote.
- Statistics were used to press for reforms in areas where death rates were high.
How did the 1875 act improve public health? (3)
- Health and sanitary inspectors had to make sure water and hygiene laws were followed, sewers were maintain and keep streets clean.
- It was more effective because it was compulsory.
- Slums were rebuilt to fit new government standards.
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