Endocrine System - Lecture Twenty Five : Homeostasis and Hormones
7 important questions on Endocrine System - Lecture Twenty Five : Homeostasis and Hormones
What are the differences between the endocrine system and the nervous system ?
- Hormones released into the bloodstream
- Targeting by the presence of specific receptors on target cells
- Relatively slow but long lasting action
- Good for widespread and sustained responses
- Major endocrine organ is the hypothalamus which links the nervous system to endocrine
- Action potentials in axons and neurotransmitters are released at the synapse
- Targeting achieved by specific "wiring"
- Fast transmission speed results in minimal response delay. This is good for rapidly changing conditions, where delay can lead to damage
- Good for brief responses
What are the mechanisms of Water-soluble hormones?
- Chemicals : Mostly peptides (75% of hormones) and some catecholamine
- Storage : Made and stored until required. Released by exocytosis
- Polarity : Hydrophilic
- Transport : Dissolved in the blood
- Receptors : on cell surface
- Mechanism of action : Through second messenger molecules
- Speed of response : milliseconds to minutes
What are the mechanisms of lipid-soluble hormones?
- Chemicals : Steroids and thyroid hormones
- Storage : Steroids are made from cholesterol.Thyroid hormones are produced in the thyroid cells. They are both stored and released when required
- Polarity : Hydrophobic
- Transport : Travel in the blood and must bound to a carrier protein
- Receptors : Intracellular receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus
- Mechanism of action : Alter gene transcription
- Speed of response : hours to days
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Explain the cellular response to receptor activation of water-soluble hormones ?
- Water-soluble hormones binds to the cell surface receptors
- Hormone binding allows activation of associated G-proteins
- G-proteins activates/inhibits adenylate cyclase or increases intracellular Ca2+
- Second messengers production or reproduction (eg cyclic AMP or Ca2+)
- Downstream proteins/pathways are activated or deactivated
Explain the cellular response to receptor activation of lipid-soluble hormones ?
- Lipid soluble hormones dissociates from the carrier proteins
- Hormones diffuse across the cell membrane and binds to the intracellular receptors which is either in the cytoplasm or nucleus
- Hormone-receptor complex acts as a specific transcription factor
- Target gene is activated and new mRNA is generated
- New proteins are generated by translation of mRNA and mediates the cell specific response (slow process)
What is the function and location of a pancreas ?
Function : It is both an endocrine and exocrine gland
- EXO : secretes products into ducts that lead to target tissues
- ENDO : secretes products directly into the bloodstream (eg hormones)
- Pancreatic alpha cells = glycogen
- Pancreatic beta cells = insulin
What disease do people have when they have problems with insulin secretion ?
- Hyposecretion of insulin
- Autoimmune disease, loss of pancreatic beta cells which results in low levels of insulin
- Symptoms include glucosuria (glucose in urine), polyuria (large urine volume), polydipsia (thirst) and polyphagia (hunger)
- Treatments are insulin injections or infusion
- Hyposensitive receptors to insulin
- Associated with obesity
- Symptoms are the same as Type 1 Diabetes
- Treatments are insulin injections and lifestyle changes (exercising and dieting)
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