Evolution of circulation
10 important questions on Evolution of circulation
3 major steps in evolution coelom
2. Two compartments:
- Pericardial cavity
- pleuro- peritoneal cavity (salamanders)
- pericardial cavity (parietal + visceral pericardium)
- pleural cavity (parietal + pulmonal plaura)
- peritoneal cavity (somatic + visceral perionea)
Layers wall of the heart
- myocardium (middle layer, cardiac muscle)
- endothelium (inner layer, epithelial cells)
Generate action potentials
- You can find them in sinoartial node (SA node) and atrioventricular node (AV node)
- Together they are called the conduction system
- Action potentials are quickly transmitted via the conduction fibers because of their large diameter and gap junctions between the cells (in intercalated disk)
- The disks also have desmosomes to withstand the tension and stretching of the myocardium
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The sequence of electrical events
2: AV node conducts less rapid -> AV nodal delay
3: Impulse travels to bundle of His in the interventricular septum
4: shortly thereafter, the bundle splits into bundle branches
5: Impulse travels further through branched Purkinje fibres
Factors that change stroke volume
- end-diastolic volume
- afterload
- Contractility and end-diastolic volume change stroke volume because they change the ventricular contraction
- A change in contractility means a change in contractile force at any given end-diastolic volume
- It is under complete influence of the sympathetic nervous system
Sympathetic nervous system heart
- It does so by releasing norepinephrinen -> activitates cAMP second messenger system -> activates protein kinases
- They open more calcium channels
- increase inflow of calcium during an action potential
- Just like with heart rate, epinephrine of the adrenal medulla does the same
Bulk flow (cardiovascular system)
- In the cardiovascular system it is the mean arterial pressure (MAP) and the central venous pressure (CVP) that drives the pressure gradient
- However, CVP is so small, it can be neglected; so DeltaP=MAP
- Flow = (pressure gradient)/(resistance) = DeltaP/R
Pulmonary circuit resistance
- resistance depends on radius and viscosity of the fluid
- When the radius decreases -> resistance increases
- When viscosity increases -> resistance increases
- The resistance of the total systemic circuit = total peripheral resistance (TPR)
- CO=MAP/TPR
Walls of blood vessels
- an endothelium
- a basement membrane (anchoring proteins)
- smooth muscle fibres
- fibrous and/or elastic connective tissue
Colloid osmotic pressure
- they exert a colloid osmotic pressure
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