2nd & 3rd trimester, birth & complications
31 important questions on 2nd & 3rd trimester, birth & complications
What happens during the third trimester of pregnancy?
When do you speak from a developing embryo, when is it a fetus?
In the early stage of pregnancy there is development and differentiation, can you explain the differences of these processes?
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When does the risk of having a miscarriage get lower?
Pregnancy is associated with significant changes in the body of the mother. What are these? Why does this happen?
- Speed of respiration
- intake of nutrients and vitamins
- blood volume
- glomerular filtration
This happens because the growing fetus is completely dependent on the organ systems of the mother for nutrition, respiration and secretion.
The placenta is an endocrine organ, what are the hormones released by the placenta?
- Human chorionicgonadotropin (hCG)
- Human placental lactogen (hPL)
- Placental prolactin
- Relaxin
- Progesterone
- Estrogens
What is human placental lactogen (hPL)?
What is the function of progesteron and estrogens during pregnancy?
What is 'false' labor?
What is the difference between abortion and a miscarriage?
Abortion is the medical term for the deliberate premature termination of a pregnancy (due to (medical) intervention).
What is a spontaneous abortion, what is a different term?
It is also called a miscarriage.
What is a therapeutic abortion?
What is an induced abortion?
What are the indications of a spontaneous abortion?
- blood loss / pink mucous discharge
- heavy bleeding accompanied by back cramps
- cardiac arrest in echo
What is the difference between an early and late miscarriage?
- Cervix insufficiency (uterus mouth too weak)
- Tearing of the amnion (dutch: vruchtzak), amniotic fluid draining away
- Malfunctioning placenta
What are the different phases of labor?
- Dilation
- Expulsion
- Child birth
- After birth
What are the two phases of dilation? What is the difference between these two phases?
When can expulsion contractions occur?
What are expulsion contractions?
What happens when the placenta does not get out of the uterus?
By what test is the condition of the baby determined?
When do you speak of preterm, and when do you speak of extreme preterm labor?
Preterm labor: between 32 and 37 weeks
What is the treatment of the mother when the baby is about to be born preterm?
- Premature rupture of membranes or excessive loss of fluid: rest and antibiotics
- 24-34 weeks: contraction inhibitors (Indometacin is a prostaglandin-synthase inhibitor; it is also analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-fever)
- Inject maternal corticosteroids (to accelerate maturation of alveoli); effect already measurable after 12 hours, and optimally after 24-48 hours
What is Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS)?
How can you explain that the brain of preterm babies is not fully developed?
What are the guideline for treatment of preterm babies in the Netherlands?
25-26 weeks: depending on condition, typically yes
24-25 weeks: depending on condition, typically no
< 24 weeks: do not provide treatment
What is the danger of late labor?
If, due to maternal or fetal causes, the birth does not or cannot proceed normally. What procedures can be done?
- Vacuum-assisted delivery
- Forceps delivery
- Cesarean section
What are complications during pregnancy, that are caused by the placenta?
- Placenta previa
- Placenta Accreta
- Placenta-insufficiency
- Placenta-abrubtion
What is placenta accreta?
When does placenta insufficiency occur?
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