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A snapshot of the summary - Human Pathology
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Neoplasia 1.1 & 1.2 - Pathology and genetic background of skin tumours
This is a preview. There are 43 more flashcards available for chapter 25/01/2021
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Which two type neoplasms are there?Benign and Malignant
neoplasm -
Characteristics of benign neoplasm
- Only local growth
- no invasion in other tissue
- no metastases
- often slowly growing
- cell without 'atypia'
- Only local growth
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Characteristics of Malignant neoplasm
- Invasion into other tissue
- can metastasise
- often rapid cellular growth, mitosis and meiosis
- cell with 'atypia'
- Invasion into other tissue
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Types of genetic alterations leading to neoplasia:- Mutations
- structural
chromosomal alterationstranslocations - copy number variations: losses or gains of parts or whole
chromosomes . - viral transformation (not discussed in detail)
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Mutation = a nucleotide change in DNA
forms of mutations:Substitution
Frameshift:
insertion
deletion -
3 types of genes can be involved in oncogenesis:1. (proto)
oncogenes funcion : promotion of cell proliferation and survival- mutation/amplification: gain of function/ activation/ over expression
2. tumorsuppressor genes- Function: inhibition of cell proliferation of induction of apoptosis
- Mutation/loss: inactivation/loss of function
- Function: repair of DNA replication errors
- Mutation: loss of function (accumulation of DNA errors)
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Two types of mutations are:
Somatic - acquired
- present only in certain cells of the body, dependent on cause
- e.g. UV induced TP53 mutation in epithelial cells of the skin
Germline mutations- Hereditary, congenital
- present in all cells of the body
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What are some simple alterations of Benign neoplasia's?
- Most common nevi (moles) have only one mutation. 60%
BRAF , 20%NRAS Spitz nevi (non pigmented moles in children) have one chromosomal translocation. ALK, ROS of NTRK translocation Some spitz nevi have one HRAS mutation and one gain of chromosome 11p
- Most common nevi (moles) have only one mutation. 60%
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Cancer is a multistep process: clonal evolution model
- Several
mutations (usually at least 6 steps) in different genes controlling cell growth, different and death. - often starting with a
precancerous genetic change - addition genetic changes lead to
cancerous growth - autonomous cell
proliferation - loss of cell contact
inhibition : invasion occurs - new vessels develop
- growth in to vessels and
metastasis can occur
- Several
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What is the largest organ of the body?The skin. About 4
kg . That's why skin cancer rising, life long exposure to UV light.
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The following topics are covered in this summary
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mutation, tumor, melanoma
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cancer, dna, sequencing
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fusion, tissue, dna
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gene, cells, detection
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cervical, hpv, e7
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cells, pituitary, basophil
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pituitary, tumors, removal
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ab, ad, amyloid
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ab, ad, production
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blood, pressure, convoluted
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kidney, disease, renal
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tissue, slide, resolution
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disease, podocyte, injury
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filtration, different, barrier