General concepts of neurobiology
28 important questions on General concepts of neurobiology
What is potential difference?
-difference in voltage between 2 points
What is the definition of membrane potential and how does this process works?
-voltage inside the cell relative to the voltage outside the cell
What is a graded potential?
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What is a synaptic potential?
What is a receptor potential?
What is an action potential?
A graded potential can be decremental or depolarization. what do they mean?
-depolarization: bring the membrane potential closer to the threshold to generate an action potential -> hyperpolarization = kuiltje, depolarization = bolletje
What is the all or none principal of an action potential?
always the same magnetude of +30mV
What is the definition of a threshold?
What are the 2 refractory periods and what do they mean?
-absolute refractory period: impossible to generate AP, Na+ channels closed
-> stage 1/2/3 of AP
-relative refractory period: some Na+ channels closed, K+ channels starting to close -> lead to repolarization/hyperpolarization
-> stage 4 of AP
What are the 4 stages of the action potential?
2. depolarization, na+ channels open (bolletje)
3. repolarization, na+ inactivating, K+ channels opens
4. hyperpolarization, k+ channels opens, na+ resetting (kuiltje)
When a domino effect of an AP leads to electrochemical gradient in the extra- and intracellular fluid leads to low resistance we are talking about:
Are action potentials in myelinated axons the same as in unmyelinated axons?
What is a electrical synaps?
What is a chemical synaps in relation to neurotransmitters?
What are chemicals released into interstitial fluid by neurons and released from the axon terminal?
What is an ionotropic receptor?
What is a metabotropic receptor?
triggers the opening/closing of ion channels, depending on the specific synaps
Where is acetylcholine released from?
What are (fast/slow) excitatory synapses in the central nervous system and what is released?
-fast: opening na+ channel, fast influx na+
-slow: activation via G-protein, closure k+ channel, decrease K+ efflux
- neurotransmitter glutamate is released (bind 3 main classes of receptors)
What are inhibitor synapses in the central nervous system and what is released?
-decreases change of generating action potential
-neurotransmitter GABA is released
What are neuropeptides and what are 2 examples?
-vasopressin: regulates urine output by the kidney
-oxytocin: regulates contractions of the uterus and the flow of milk from the breasts
What is the difference between divergence and convergence in neural integration?
What is postsynaptic modulation?
There are 2 types of summation, spatial and temporal summation. what is the difference between these 2?
spatial: 2 or more post synaptic potentials originating from different synapses are generated at the same time, such that when they spread to the axon hillock, they overlap and sum
What are presynaptic facilitation and inhibition by neural integration?
inhibition: activating modulation neuron inhibits/decreases synaptic transmission
What are Glial Cells?
-the second class of cell found in the nervous system, account for 90% of all cells in the nervous system.
-Their main functions include providing structural integrity to the nervous system (glia is Latin for “glue”) and chemical and anatomical support that permits neurons to carry out
their functions. Recent studies suggest that glial cells may also play important roles in intercellular communication.
What are 4 types of glial cells?
->only Schwann cells are located in the peripheral nervous system, the rest are found in the central nervous system
-the functions of oligodendrocytes (forming myeline sheet in CNS) and Schwann cells (or neurolemmocytes, forming myeline sheet around axons) are crucial to electrical transmission in neurons
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