System development
24 important questions on System development
What is the purpose of the initial sketch?
How can use case diagrams assist with software development?
What are the purposes of use cases?
- Generate new requirements as the design takes shape
- Communicate with stakeholders
- Generate the test cases
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What are the typical requirements for common stakeholders?
- End user - usability, performance
- Sponsor - performance (more in the form of scalability)
- Data owner - integrity, availability
- Regulator - confidentiality, integrity, auditability
Which kinds of requirements are there?
- Functional requirements
- Non-functional requirements
- Constraints
- Project issues
What are functional requirements?
What are non-functional requirements?
What are project issues?
E.g. the system is operational by 1st of May, 2017
What are three recommendations to improve ICT projects for the government? According to Elias committee?
- 2. Demonstrate added value of project for end users and for society.
- 3. Create support among all parties involved, including end-users, and test for organizational, administrational and technical feasibility.
- 10. Make use of a transparent bid-for-tender strategy in the business justification of a project (PID) – Project Initiation Document, very clear description of the purpose and goal of a project
- b. make functional specification compulsory, or explain why not. Specific technical details are left to the provider.
In general: professional commissioning [ NL: opdrachtgeverschap]
In general, which types of feasibility are there?
- Organizational feasibility: does it fit the current governance structure
- Administrational feasibility: does it fit the capabilities of the ministry
- Technical feasibility: does it connect to existing systems that you need to work with
Explain bid-for-tender strategy
Explain the requirements engineering 'joke'
Example: swing
Explain 'design as a dialogue'
- Sense-making, interpretation, negotiation
- Rapid-prototyping; iterative development; trying out real versions of the product
What ar the inherent properties of software development?
2. Conformance
3. Changeability
4. Visibility
What kinds of complexity are distinguished in the paper of Brooks (1987)?
Accidents: difficulties we have created
Explain the property changeability (later linked to uncertainty)
Pressure of change, comes from people who invent new uses, and software survives beyond the machine for which it is first written
How does Brooks address the issues regarding the inherent properties?
- Remove accidental difficulties
- Address conceptual essence
How to address complexity?
- Loosely coupled architecture
- Less dependencies
- Local decision making
- Centralize
- From O(n2) to O(n) connections
- Single point of failure
- Standardization
- System of systems
- Interoperability: syntax (form), semantics (meaning), pragmatics (use)
- Re-use
- Buy or build
- Libraries: task models; domain models
- Organizational learning
What does not work when dealing with complexity, and why?
Why?
- New project members need to learn, because software project are complex. This takes existing resources away from development
- An increase in staff drives communication overhead, including the number and variety of communication channels.
What is the difference between verification and validation?
- Verification: test if the system was built right
- i.e. according to requirements
- Formal verification: prove specification properties; walkthrough
- Validation: test if the right system was built
- i.e. according to stakeholder needs and environment
- user experiments; expert interview; acceptance test
What is the definition of requirements engineering?
Requirements engineering involves which three facets?
2. Specification
3. Validation and verification
What are the challenges regarding requirements engineering?
- Multiple concepts of design and its intertwining with requirements.
- Evolution and management of requirements under growing complexity.
- Architectural implications and platform strategies.
- Identification of changing stakeholder roles and management challenges in handling stakeholder arguments around RE.
What are the four principles as mentioned in the paper of Jarke et al. (2011)?
- Problem and solution interaction during evolution (co-creation)
- Evolve incomplete designs: allow flexibility
- architectures have variation points that influence evolution
- Transfer of product lines to the software field
- Possibility or desirability of a single common ontology?
4. Recognize unprecedented levels of design complexity
- Non-linear behavior, whole is different from sum of its parts
- (1) make requirements selection process self-organizing
- (2) traceable process, so designers can follow rate of change
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