Learning, training and development
9 important questions on Learning, training and development
Goldstein's Instructional System Design (ISD) model (or Training cycle)
Behavioural theories of learning
1. Observational Learning: the idea that people can learn by observing role models.
2. Affect and Cognition: In the more up-to-date social cognitive theories, behaviour is generated from interacting cognitions and affective responses that result from situational perceptions.
Cognitive learning: The Adaptive Character of Thought (ACT) Model
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Training evaluation criteria
1. reactions: trainee attitueds about he training they have received
2. Learning: knowledge, skills and abilities that trainees have learned
3. behaviour: Changes in trainee behaviour at work (training transfer).
4. Results: Organization- or team-level performance outcomes.
This model is criticized to be oerly simplistic or restrictive.
Modelling individual learning outcomes (5)
2. Intellectual skills: Procedural knowledge that can be used to solve problems
3. Cognitive strategies: Rules for deciding when to bring verbal information and intellectual skills into play in order to solve a specific problem.
4. Attitudes: changes in the way people think and feel
5. Motor skills: physical or movement-based skills.
Second model of individual learning outcomes
-skill-based outcomes: behaviroual outcomes
-affective outcomes: attitudes and motivation and self-efficacy
Creation of knowledge in organizations
externalization: the conversion or specification of tacit knowledge so that it becomes explicit knowledge
combination: the combination of individual aspects of explicit knowledge into systems or prototypes
internalization: the absorption of combined explicit knowledge to develop tacit knowledge, and to create more tacit knowledge
Model of learning outcomes and individual differences
1. trainee charachteristics that affect learning outcomes include abilities, personality traits, demographics, interests and values
2. individual differences act through intervening mechanisms to affect learning outcomes.
3. the pathway from individual differences to learning outcomes is also moderated by attribute-treatment interactions.
Areas of individual differences (reacting to training and development)
2. personality traits (succes and: conscientiousness (+), openness to experience (+), extraversion (+), emotional stability (-)
3. goal orientation (Performance goal orientation (PGO) and learning goal orientation (LGO))
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