Read the summary and the most important questions on Innometrics (GEO4-2259)

• 3 Patents

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• Patents - EXCEPTIONS TO THE EXCLUSIVE RIGHT

  1. The patent product is made for the sole purpose of scientific research and experiment
     
  2. A third party has started the product before the date when the patent application for an invention is corporated (Prior Art)
  3. The patented product is made under non-voluntary license or under an authorization granted by the government 

• Patenting – benefits and costs 

  
  

  • Patent protection provides protection against misappropriation (misbruik) of proprietary technology and opportunistic behaviour
  • However, ‘strong patent protection’ entails costs by potentially creating market power in downstream product markets

• 3.1 Concerns about patenting

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• Contemporary concerns about the patent system

  1. Unclear boundaries create uncertainty hinder the use of technology and invoke large costs
  2. The institutions function poorly (Jaffe & Lerner)
  1. Examiners have too little time (perverse incentives)
  2. Significant backlog
  3. Problems with patent quality (grant standards)

  
  
  4. Strengthening of patent owner position in U.S. courts in the 1980s ledt to aggressive patent strategies
  
  4. Abuse of patent system by patent trolls privateers
  
  
  5. Blocking patents block cumulative inventions
  
  
  6. Patent thickets ‘innovation tax’
  
  
  7. Unbalance large patent owners and small players/new entrantds

• Reasons for quantitative studies of literature:

   In general, indicators are used as analytical tools but also as information to inform science policy decisions to accommodate the need for "objective" data but also the interest better to understand knowledge developmental processes and contexts of science itself.
  
  · Analysis of structure and dynamics
  

  • search for regularities - predictions possible

  
  · Understanding of patterns
  

  • “order out of documentary chaos”
  • verification of models, assumptions

  
  
  
  · Rationale (motivering) for policies & design 

• 4 Lecture 4 Science, Technology and Innovation

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• Measuring scientific knowledge

  We have a huge number of databases available and million scientific information. There is a stable growth of scientific knowledge. The amount of knowledge is still growing.
  è Eugene Garfield builds the first data base of scientific publications.
  Better be able to find literature
  
  

  • The application of knowledge —as manifested in entrepreneurship and innovation, research and development, and software and product design—is one of the key sources of growth in the global economy
    
  • Scientific publications provide a source of information to measure and model the knowledge base of societies, firms, regions and organisations. Scientific
    

• Why it is not good to take the number of citations as benchmark

  For example in the medical field are much more people who did research instead of science. The subject or discipline is different then and has another number of citations. It also has to do with the age of the paper. In some medical fields, it is only relating to the older paper and updated. 

• 5 Networks

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• ‘Hub & Spoke’ vs. ‘random’ network structures

  Hub & Spoke: very effective way with a few centres and lines between them to get a connection with the network. If there is a problem in one point, then the hole network is involved. 

• Networks and collaboration in Science & Innovation studies

  Social networks: networks based on social interaction.
  · Formal relationships: project collaborations, firm alliances, science-industry relations, coinventors, co-authors, mentor-mentee relations.
  · Informal interactions: meetings, joint lunch, scientific conferences, etc.

• Collaborations and team science

  · Knowledge is increasingly produced in collaboration!
  
  
  · Multi-university collaboration has been on the rise in most fields over the past 40 years.
  · High-impact work is more likely to be produced by large research teams.

• Two-mode (bipartite) vs. One-mode (unipartite) representation

  One-mode network: all the notes are the same (individuals, papers etc.) and in the two-mode network they are different