Infectious-Communicable diseases
26 important questions on Infectious-Communicable diseases
What is important to know about communicable diseases?
- High burden of disease in LMICs
- Disproportionately affect the poor
- Enormous economic consequences
- Burden of communicable disease is unnecessary (many can be prevented or treated)
What are infectious diseases, what are the characteristics?
There are two main characteristics:
- Caused by pathogenic micro-organism or an infectious agents (bacteria, virus, parasites, fungi)
- Can spread, directly or indirectly, from animal to animal, animal to human, or human to human
What are ways of classifying infectious diseases?
- Pathogen
- Transmission route
- Infected organ
- Setting
- Prevention by vaccines
- Higher grades + faster learning
- Never study anything twice
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What are the two types of transmission? What does it include?
- Direct (physical contact, indirect contact, droplet spread)
- Indirect (vector-borne, vehicle-borne, airborne)
Where do communicable diseases have a higher burden?
What type of incidence fits malaria, cholera in Haïti, ebola in 2014, and H1N1 (influenza) in 2009?
Haïti: cholera outbreak, but affected the whole country so considered to be an epidemic
Ebola (2014): an epidemic because it affected one continent (West-Africa)
H1N1 (influenza) (2009): pandemic because it spread over the whole world
What are neglected tropical diseases (NTDs)?
What are the challenges of NTDs?
- Development of vaccines
- Development of new drugs
- Continuing in combating underlying risk
What is the difference between emerging and re-emerging diseases?
What are factors that contribute to the emergence of infectious diseases?
- Human demographics and behaviors
- Advances in technology and industry
- Economic development and changes in land use patterns (including effects of climate change)
- Dramatic increases in international travel and commerce
- Microbial adaptation and change
- Breakdown of public health measures
- Environmental changes
How are infectious diseases addressed?
- Sensitive surveillance system for rapid detection of new outbreaks
- Mechanisms for effective containment
- Willingness to share information with other countries
What are challenges of infectious diseases?
- Risk of major pandemic
- Risk of accelerating drug resistance
- Limited number of anti-effective drugs being developed
What are high burden infectious diseases?
- HIV/AIDS
- TB
- Malaria
- Diarrheal diseases
How to respond to infectious diseases?
- Control of diseases
- Elimination of disease
- Eradication of disease
- Extinction of disease
What is meant with control of disease?
What is meant with elimination of disease?
What is meant with eradication of disease?
What is meant with extinction of disease?
What are the two conditions to eradicate a disease?
What are the five features to eradicate a disease?
- Caused by only a small number of pathogens
- Only one host
- Visible and good diagnostics exist
- Elimination has proven to be possible
- Perceived disease burden is high
What are examples of control measures?
- Vaccination
- Mass chemotherapy (example: malaria pills)
- Improve WASH (water, sanitation, hygiene)
- Care seeking and detection
- Case management and care improvement
- Surveillance and monitoring
- Behavioral change (example: cleaning hands, sexual education)
What is meant with antimicrobial resistance (AMR)?
This is an increasingly serious threat to global public health that requires action across all government sectors and society.
New resistance mechanisms are emerging and spreading globally, threatening our ability to treat common infectious diseases, resulting in prolonged illness, disability, and death.
What are reasons for AMR, how is it accelerated and how is the spread encouraged?
It is accelerated by misuse and overuse of antibiotics for people and animals.
The spread of AMR is encouraged by poor infection control, inadequate sanitary conditions, and inappropriate food-handling.
What is the consequence of being sick as a child?
What is meant with the 90-90-90 goal of HIV/AIDS?
- 90% of HIV-positives know their status
- 90% of them is treated
- 90% of those treated have suppressed viral loads
What is the mainstay to address TB?
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