A web of rules and practices that determine how knowledge is generated, commercialized, and controlled. Knowledge is an umbrella term we apply to many different things, including ideas, technology, information, and intellectual property.

How countries try to regulate information, foster innovation and turn knowledge into comparative advantage in the global economy.

--- Information can both empower and disempower: in the hands of citizens it can become the fuel for political revolution but in the hands of governments it can be used to surveil and police society

Technologically advanced countries are playing a game of global "keep-up" not catch up. Theses nations recognize that technological growth has been a key determinant of economic growth. "triple helix" --> a university-industry-government relationship that accelerates innovation.  You can look to the ratio of its R&D spending to GDP. Also developed states seek to prevent the diffusion of some forms of advanced technology to other countries.