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A snapshot of the summary - Introduction to Organic Chemistry
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1 Covalent Bonding and Shapes of Molecules
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1.1 How do we Describe the Electronic Structures of Atoms?
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What are the principle energy levels?The principle energy levels are the space to which an electron in confined to move within.
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How are electrons further grouped?1. The principle energy levels or Shells.
2. The subshells s, p, d and f.
3. Orbitals, each containing a maximum of 2 electrons -
How are the orbitals distributed within the shells?1. 1 s orbital in each shell
2. 3 p orbitals in each shell, except the first shell
3. 5 d orbitals in each shell, except the first two shells
4. 7 f orbitals in each shell, except the first three shells -
What are the first 10 elements of the periodic table?Hydrogen, Helium, Lithium, Berylium, Boor, Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Fluor, Neon
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What is the element of the periodic table with atomic number 8? And what is the electron configuration?Oxygen, 1s2 2s2 2px2 2py1 2pz1
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What is a lewis structure?A representation of an electron with it's valence electrons drawn.
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1.2 What is the Lewis Model of Bonding?
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How is an ionic bond formed?An ionic bond is formed when an electron transfers from the valence shell of an atom with lower electronegativity to one with higher electronegativity.
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When does ionic transfer of electrons occur?The guideline is when the difference in electronegativity is 1,9 or greater.
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What is a dipole and how can you display this?A dipole is when there is a seperation of charge within a covalent bond or molecule. This can be displayed in a electron density model, with blue showing the more negative part and red the more positive part.
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What is the formal charge and how to derive it?The formal charge is the charge on an atom or molecule and can be derived by:
1. Writing down the Lewis structure.
2. Assign al unshared electrons.
3. Compare the number of electrons with the number of electrons in the neutral, unbonded atom.
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The following topics are covered in this summary
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electrons, structures, resonance
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base, acid, reaction
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reaction, alkanes, cis-trans
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bond, double, ethylene
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double, system, bond
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reaction, heat, energy
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bond, ion, reaction
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rearrangement, shift, position
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boron, borane, hydrogen
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bond, catalytic, syn
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mirror, image, plane
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designated, configuration, chiral
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stereoisomers, compound, number
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rotation, mixture, light
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reaction, bond, double
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hydroxyl, group, alcohols
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alcohols, primary, alcohol
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ethers, group, alcohol
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epoxides, reactions, acid-catalyzed
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aromatic, pi, 2p
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amines, bond, replaced
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carbonyl, group, aldehydes
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acid, group, carboxylic
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group, carboxyl, solubility
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carboxylic, acid, acids
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group, carboxyl, hydride
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group, acid, alcohol
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carbonyl, intermediate, tetrahedral
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acid, carboxylic, carboxyl