Read the summary and the most important questions on Introduction to Policy

• Science based policy

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• What are the criteria for scientific knowledge in the advisory context?

  • Credible (adequate, reliable)
  • Salient (useful for practice and policy)
  • Legitimate (acceptable for involved parties)

• Why are there tensions between society and science?

  • Science want universalism, scientific peers and unambiguity
  • Policy asks for localism, reviewing by non-scientists and vagueness to bind knowledge, actors and values

• On what factors depends the contribution of scientists?

  • Time - context
  • Role/position
  • Nature problem: complexity, uncertainties

• What is the definition of a policy?

  The pursuit of achieving certain goals with certain means at certain points of time. Always meant to be the solution to a collective problem

• Describe the policy cycle

  The course of events around a policy
  

  1. Agenda-setting (warning science: flu is danger, action needed!)
  2. Agenda-policy (advice: develop science (vaccine))
  3. Preparation (develop scenario's)
  4. Decision-making (advice for decision: everyone 2x vaccine)
  5. Implementation (new knowledge: not everyone, only target groups)
  6. Evaluation (did it work? too much vaccine?)

• What are the different roles that science can play in policy?

  • Separation science-policy (ivory tower)
  • Dominance by science (science push)
  • Dominance by policy (policy demand)
  • Interaction

• What is the solution to high societal consensus and high science certainty?

  Science delivers information and solutions (road improvement)

• What is the role of scientists to a high societal consensus but low level of scientific certainty?

  Science conduct research, may choose their own solutions, may try to convince societal parties and governments (air quality health)

• What is the role of scientists if there is a low level of societal consensus but a high level of certainty in science?

  • Scientist deliver consensus creating solutions (pacification)
  • New concepts 
    
  • Inventarise of all possibilities and writing scenarios

  
  
  (Euthenasia)

• What is the role of scientists when the societal consensus and the level of scientific certainty is low?

  Science is a participant in the debate (climate change)