Read the summary and the most important questions on JM

• Guest lecture 1

• How is disinformation about climate change spread today? (Guestlecture Bennett)

  - political money: money comes from energy sources (lobbyists)
  - Think tanks: produce disinformation and feed it to the press 
  - Information sources: paid experts
  - Publicity events: 
  - Distribution networks: social media. Press will talk about it when it gets a lot of attention on social media     
  
  Goal: economic growth. Co2 will only go down during a recession

• What purpose does disinformation serve? (Guest lecture Bennett)

  - creates confusion and distraction in public debates
  - provides a political cover for politicians to roll back on environment protection. 'the voter does not want to help climate change'. 
  - supporters threatened identity of way of life (fits with other right wing ideas) 
  - invites supporters of parties to resist economic change

• What should journalists, researchers and citizens do about the disinformation of climate change?

  Donts: 
  - not usefull to talk about climate change 
  - scientists should not interfere with politics
  
  Do's: 
  - Large publics need to accept the consequences of climate change since it is hitting home. 
  - develop common solutions that work 
  - They should shift the conversation to the failures of the economy and politics. 
  - Become a more coherent movement 
  - Pressure left parties to change the economic narrative 
  - Find ways to engage all citizens

• What can journalists do about the disinformation on climate change (guest lecture bennett)?

  - Balance can be bias: journalists should report more about the underlying causes. E.g. Why are we always cheeringa bout economic growth, it is bad for the environment
  - Raise more questions about the effectiveness of the solutions. Ask more critical economical questions

• Lecture 1

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• What is the definition of political communication?

  It is an interactive process concerning the transmision of information among politicians , the media and the citizens

• Blumler & Kavanagh (1999) talked about age 3 of political communication. They identified 5 trends that shaped this age. What were these trends?

  - intensified personalised imparitives: you must profile yourself as a likeable person. 
  - increase compeitive pressure; politicians are aware of the newsvalues, more focus on infotainment, looking for scandals (public/private breakdown) 
  - populism: telling people what they want to hear 
  - centrifugal diversification: people will have a preference to a channel. All channels will cover events differently. Everyone has different views on topics. 
  - audience perception of politics: political information is everywhere, in entertainment shows etc.

•  Brants & van Praag (2006) linked the media ages of Blumler and Kavanagh (1999) to three kinds of logics. What are these logics?

  Partisan logic: the media is the mouthpiece of the political party. The reporting is substantive 
  Public logic: the media is independent and respectfull towards political parties. However, they are a bit sceptical as well. The public is adressed as a citizen.
  Media logic: The media are dominant, entertaining and very cynical. The reporting is less substantive. The public is adressed as a consumer.

• Brants and van Praag (2017) are criticising their own ideas of logic. What are their main four problems with the term 'media logic'?

  - scarce evidence for this phenomenom: no more personalisation 
  - media are being lumped together: what happens for internet may not happen for television 
  - assumption of linear inevitability: logics do not have to go in a linear chronological order 
  - negative undertone: reaching the media logic is seen as something negative

• What are the three components that you have to look at when you want to comparing media systems according to Hallin and Mancini (2004)?

  - political parallelism: the characters of links between media organisation and politics. To what extend does media reflect political
  devision 
        external: different sources for different views 
         internal: same sources for different views
  -  quality of journalists 
  - stat interference

• What are the three models of media systems made by Hallin and Mancini (2004)?

  Polalized pluralist (mediterrean) 
  - high political parallelism (external) 
  - low proffesionalisation 
  - high state control   
  Democratic corporatist (north europe) 
  - high professionalisation 
  - high state control to preserve quality 
  - neutral media 
  - internal pluralism 
  Liberal model (US) 
  - neutral but very commercial 
  - low state involvement: market driven 
  - internal pluralism 
  - very professional