Billingualism
16 important questions on Billingualism
What is the difference between the word association model & concept mediation model of billingualism? What differences do we expect in picture naming & translating from L2 to L1? (& what are the results)
Concept mediation model: 1st & 2nd language labels are mediated by concept & not directly connected to each other
Predictions:
-WAM: Translation L1 to L2 much faster (directly connected) than picture naming in L2 (through concepts --> L1 --> L1)
- Concept mediation model: L1 to L2 translation about as fast as picture naming (both through concepts)
Results: Translation from L1 to L2 about as fast as picture naming (Concept Mediation model)
What is language specific lexical activation?
(English sentence: room only activates kamer. Dutch sentence: room only activates slagroom)
What is language-independent lexical activation?
(Room activations both slagroom & kamer)
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What is a cognate?
What is cognate faciliation effect? What does this show?
Monolinguals don't know this cognate --> not faster RT
Conclusion:- Language-independent retrieval- Lexical entries from both L1 & L2 are activated at the same time
Lexical entries from L1&L2 are activated at the same time. When does this help lexical retrieval? When does this hinder lexical retrieval?
Helps retrieval in L1 when words share phonology (cognate facilitation)
Hindering lexical retrieval in L1 when words are different
What are interlexical neighbours? What conditions can you make out of this in bilingualism? (And what question can come out of this)
You can make conditions with this (dutch words that):
-Big NL & Big ENG
-Big NL & small ENG
-Small NL & Big ENG
-Small NL & Small ENG
Question: Is lexical access influenced by neighbourhood size of the word in the other language?
What prediction about the effect of interlexical neighbours would you make on the basis of language-specific retrieval? And Language-independent retrieval?
Language-independent: Lexical retrieval is influenced by both neighborhood sizes
- Big + Big = Big
-Small + Big (& Big + small) = medium
- Small + Small = small
What did van Heuven, Dijkstra & Grainger conclude about the influence of interlexical neighbours on lexixal retrieval in bilinguals?
- Language-independent lexical retrieval: Both lexicons are activated
What did Marian & Spivey show about cohort activation in russian-english bilinguals?
Question: Does the cohort contain lexical entries from the other language?
Target: marker (english)
but: Stamp = Marka (russian) (distractor)
Results:- If bilinguals (russian-english) hear marker --> look at stamp more than other distractors
Conclusions- Activated cohort in bilinguals contains the lexical entries from the other language
Input was: L2 speech --> Cohort: L1 & L2
This research shows this effect only for language recognition (other research for production)
How can you research bilingual language production?
Question: Are both lemma & lexeme activated, independent of language or: is either stage language-specific?
Bilingual picture-word interference task:- Picture naming in dutch (Target = Schroef)
Distractors in English:
- Semantic: Nail
- Phonological: Roof
- Unrelated/baseline: Cake
Results (basically the same as monolingual)- ENG semantic distractor: Interference (Lemma Level)
- ENG phonological distractor: Facilitation (Lexeme level)
Conclusion- Suggests activation processes in both languages during lemma & lexeme level
So there is interference by of linguistic processes? (Interference of ENG distractors). Do bilinguals have a problem here when talking in L1? And in L2?
-English (L1) speakers who speak french (L2): "Enemies" only interferes with english targets after engaging with french language
L2: (Not so dramatic)
- Germans (L1) who also speak english (L2): No interference of german vocabulary after watching english movie for 10 minutes
- Constraining L2 sentence (1st course eaten with a spoon; target = soup) enough to reduce effects of L1
What did Van Assche et al show about the effect of constraining L2 sentences on the interlingual cognate effect?
Interlingual cognate effect: Cognate (soup - soep) should speed processing compared to non-cognate words
Constraining sentence context reduce these cognate effects (L1 effects)
-Non-constraining: Mom likes this hot ....
-Constraining: Hot, first course with spoon ...
Conclusion- Preactivation of highly expected L2 word deactivates L1 counterpart (So this actually makes you slower to react/ this is a 'bad' effect)
How do bilinguals not constantly notice they activate lexical candidates from both languages? What question derives from this?
So: Are bilinguals better at cognitive control tasks?
What did Ellen Bialystok et al show about the performance of Bilinguals on executive functioning (ignore/suppress conflicting information)?
Simon task: press left when blue or right when green.
Left & blue: Facilitation (Congruent)
- Color & location activate left hand
Left & green: Interference (incongruent)
- Location activates left & color activates right
Results:- Bilinguals perform better on Simon task vs monolinguals
- Bilinguals decline less with age
Conclusions- Bilinguals experts in cognitive control
- Bilingualism slows down aging effects on cognitive control processes
Bilinguals perform well on a simon task, so we conclude they are experts at cognitive control. What evidence goes against this conclusion?
- Press left if arrow points left
- Press right if arrow points right
- Stop pressing when arrow turns red
PUBLICATION BIAS:- Number of abstracts was the same
- Bilingual advantage more published (maybe because authors are bilingual?)
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